5 (a) (i) Study Fig. 5.1 (Insert), a graph showing the change in the percentage of adults owning a cell phone between 2002 and 2017 for selected countries. Using Fig. 5.1 only: – by how much has the percentage of cell phone ownership changed in Pakistan between 2002 and 2017? … – what is the general trend of cell phone ownership? … – which country has experienced the largest change in cell phone ownership between 2002 and 2017? … [3] (ii) Suggest how cell phone ownership may encourage the growth of small-scale industries in Pakistan. … … … … … … [3] (b) Study Fig. 5.2, a graph showing the most common uses of cell phones (other than making a phone call) by people in Pakistan in 2013. 0 send/receive text messages access health information take/send photographs/video make/receive payments access news access consumer information access social networking sites 10 20 30 40 50 cell phone use (percentage) Fig. 5.2 (i) Using information from Fig. 5.2 only, complete the sentence about cell phone use. The most common use of cell phones is … , whereas … per cent make or receive payments from a cell phone. [2] (ii) Suggest why a large percentage of people in Pakistan use cell phones to access health information. … … … … … … [3] (c) (i) State four advantages to teachers and students of using the internet in education in Pakistan. 1 … … 2 … … 3 … … 4 … … [4] (ii) Explain two challenges of providing telecommunications in some parts of Pakistan. You should develop your answer. 1 … … … … 2 … … … … [4] (d) The rate of growth of Pakistan’s telecommunications sector has been impressively fast-paced in recent years. However, computers and smartphones are of limited use if the internet is not widely available. Assess the role of telecommunications in the further development of Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [6] [Total: 25] Additional Pages If you use the following lined pages to complete the answer(s) to any question(s), the question number(s) must be clearly shown. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

5(a)(i) Study Fig. 5.1 (Insert), a graph showing the change in the percentage of adults owning a cell phone between 2002 and 2017 for selected countries. Using Fig 5.1 only: • by how much has the percentage of mobile phone ownership changed in Pakistan between 2002 and 2017? • what is the general trend of cell phone ownership? • which country has experienced the largest change in cell phone ownership between 2002 and 2017? • 70% (tolerance 69%–71%) • increasing • Kenya 3 @ 1 mark 3 5(a)(ii) • for online banking/pay staff/pay invoices; • selling/buying/trading/ecommerce/online shopping; • can use to set up website/social media/advertise/marketing; • for instant global/long distance communication; • to sell cell phones/related gadgets (cases)/services (screen repairs) 3 @ 1 mark 3 5(b)(i) Study Fig. 5.2 a graph showing the most common uses (other than making a phone call) by people in Pakistan in 2013. Using information from Fig. 5.2 only, complete the sentence below about cell phone use. The most common use of cell phones is send/receive text messages whereas 9 per cent make or receive payments from a cell phone. 2 @ 1 mark 2 5(b)(ii) Suggest why a large percentage of people in Pakistan use cell phones to access health information. • can speak to clinicians from home/limited access to healthcare services in remote areas; • reluctant/eliminates fees/transport costs to visit doctor/hospital; • do not have time/saves time for medical appointment/to travel; • to research (24/7) (up to date/accurate) health information e.g. symptoms/diagnosis/cures; • increased literacy rates so take more interest in their health; • to research healthcare services e.g. vaccination centres; • to book appointments; • fast communication method in an emergency; • to contact health services in event of natural hazard; • allows remote monitoring of a patient e.g. giving data or getting test results; • gives access to personal medical records; • reminders to take medicines/make/attend appointments. 3 @ 1 mark 3 5(d) The rate of growth of Pakistan’s telecommunications sector has been impressively fast-paced in recent years. However, computers and smart phones are of limited use if the internet is not widely available. Assess the role of telecommunications in the further development of Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. Levels marking No valid response 0 Level 1 1–2 Simple point referring to one view (1) Simple points referring to any view (2) Level 2 3–4 Developed point referring to one view (3) Developed points referring to both views (4) Level 3 5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5) Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6) Content Guide Answers are likely to refer to: significant role: • improvements to education and training/skills increase employment opportunities; e.g. foreign businesses making locally produced smart phones • it encourages foreign direct investment from businesses/corporations; 6 5(d) • it improves advertising and marketing opportunities/e-commerce; • new fibre-optic cables e.g. Khunjerab Pass, connect Pakistan businesses with the world e.g. Chinese networks; • the Digital Pakistan initiative aims to improve connectivity and digital skills, especially for young people and women; • video-conferencing can take place which may encourage multinational companies in other parts of the world to open branches in Pakistan; • the telecom sector contributes to government funds via taxes; • multi-national businesses consider Pakistan to have huge potential for growth in online banking introduce 4G/5G services; • teachers can use e-learning to teach students in different/remote areas which may improve life chances; • people can get remote access to medical staff which may improve quality of life; • farmers can use the internet to educate themselves about products which could increase yields/check weather updates etc; Etc. less significant role: • it is expensive to invest in; • there are other issues that need to be overcome before investing further in telecommunications e.g. improving reliability of electricity supplies/ reducing interruptions from technical faults and load shedding; • international companies may decide to locate where the population are already educated and skilled; • regional instability discouraged some foreign investors; Etc.

1 (a) (i) Study Fig. 1.1, a map of Pakistan. This figure has been removed. It showed an outline map of Pakistan. There are 4 located dots with arrows labelled A (Islamabad), B (Lahore), C (Faisalabad) and D (River Indus). Fig. 1.1 Name the three cities labelled A, B and C on Fig. 1.1. A … B … C … [3] (ii) Name the river labelled D on Fig. 1.1. D … [1] (iii) Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert), a map showing the location of a university in Lahore. Using Fig. 1.2 only, describe the location of this university. … … … … … … [3] (iv) Suggest two factors that may affect access to university education in Pakistan. 1 … … 2 … … [2] (b) (i) Define ‘small-scale’ industry. … … … … [2] (ii) Using Fig. 1.2 (Insert) only, suggest two advantages of developing a new information technology business area at X. 1 … … 2 … … [2] (iii) Explain how the following factors can increase economic development in Pakistan. You should develop your answer. degree-level qualifications … … … … use of telecommunications … … … … [4] (c) State two strategies used by governing authorities to promote industrial growth in Pakistan. 1 … 2 … [2] (d) The number of information technology (IT) users in Pakistan has increased rapidly since 2000. Evaluate the extent to which the use of IT in Pakistan has the potential to reduce unemployment. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [6] [Total: 25]

1(a)(i) A = Islamabad B = Lahore C = Faisalabad 3 @ 1 mark 3 1(a)(ii) D = River Indus 1 @ 1 mark 1 1(a)(iii) Ideas such as: In the south west of the city; South of river; On/along main road/railway; Direction from any named feature/location within the map boundary; Distance from any named feature/location within the map boundary. Note: Max 2 marks for direction and Max 2 marks for distance. 3 @ 1 mark 3 1(a)(iv) Ideas such as: Some cannot gain basic education/entry qualifications; Cost/fees are too expensive; Many in rural areas cannot access higher education; More university places are needed; People are needed to care for family members; People are needed to work in the family business/earn money for the family; etc. 2 @ 1 mark 2 1(b)(i) Has assets less than Rs 10 million (excluding loan, land and building); Up to 10 hired labour can be employed in addition to family labour. 2 @ 1 mark 2 1(b)(ii) Ideas such as: Near university for skilled labour; Links with university for research/agglomeration; Near Model Town for work force; Can locate anywhere/footloose; Lots of available space to build/expand on; etc. 2 @ 1 mark 2 1(b)(iii) Ideas such as: Degree-level qualifications Skilled workforce; (will be attractive to international businesses); Will reduce unemployment; (more people earning a living wage/higher wages); Will improve social services such as schools and hospitals; (improve HDI so more attractive internationally/reduce economic emigration/more trained doctors/teachers); Specialised courses according to the requirements of the industry; (meets the employment needs of the company); Training for managers at all levels; (reduces the need for people from outside Pakistan to take these roles/money stays in Pakistan); etc. Use of telecommunications Enables companies/businesses to communicate instantly around the world; (no need to wait for meetings/travel abroad); Will attract international companies to have headquarters/branches located in Pakistan; (will improve the balance of payments); Ease of use of mobile phones; (able to conduct business from anywhere/work from home); Ability to message/email/skype/meet remotely; (information obtained and shared instantly/instant messaging/decisions made quickly and easily); Able to set up websites/advertise globally/TV and radio/internet; (increased trade/competition with international markets); Increased market opportunities/e-commerce; (able to trade around the world/development of on-line banking/reduces costs/overheads); Enhanced ability to compete in the global market; (increasing GDP); etc. Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development (in parentheses). Note: Max 2 marks if no development. 2 @ 2 marks 4 1(c) Ideas such as: Development of export processing zones; Restrictions on exports; Development Trade Development Authority of Pakistan (TDAP); Developing named infrastructure - roads/railways/airports/ports); Developing telecommunications/named examples; Training and education; Advertising nationally and/or internationally; Providing incentives for new businesses/named examples; etc. 2 @ 1 mark 2 1(d) Levels marking Level 1 (1–2 marks) Simple point referring to one view (1) Simple points referring to any view (2) Level 2 (3–4 marks) Developed point referring to one view (3) Developed points referring to both views (4) Level 3 (5–6 marks) Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5) Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6) Content Guide Answers are likely to refer to: IT may reduce unemployment because More entrepreneurs are generated; Will reduce the need for managers to be brought in from businesses abroad; New businesses will open; Can train future generations; Further development of tertiary and/or quarternary sectors; Many people own smart phones; Can have basic skills to use a phone or computer to set up a business from home; Can be carried out in any language; etc. IT may not reduce unemployment because Equipment and training can be expensive; Not all students/families can afford to go to university and develop IT expertise; Many IT graduates emigrate so Pakistan does not always benefit from them; Not all areas have a reliable electricity supply; etc. 6

4 (a) Study Fig. 4.1, which is a map of Pakistan’s road network. Arabian Sea Key: international boundary province-level boundary disputed boundary major highway other roads motorway JAMMU AND KASHMIR disputed territory 0 100 200 km 300 N B A Fig. 4.1 (i) Name the two cities labelled A and B on Fig. 4.1. A … B … [2] (ii) Name the road on Fig. 4.1 that crosses an international boundary. … [1] (iii) Using Fig. 4.1 only, describe the regional variations of the road network in Pakistan. … … … … [2] (b) (i) State three reasons why motorways are needed. 1 … … 2 … … 3 … … [3] (ii) Describe the benefits of rail transport for people and goods. … … … … … … … … [4] (c) (i) Define the term ‘dry port’. … … [1] (ii) Name two examples of dry ports that are currently in use. 1 … 2 … [2] (iii) Explain two advantages of using a dry port. You should develop your answer. … … … … … … … … [4] (d) Read the following two views about extending and developing the rail network in Pakistan: A B The existing rail network could be extended in Balochistan to encourage further industrial development and settlement growth in this province. The rail network could be developed in the northern regions with a link to China to encourage further economic development in this area. Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [6] [Total: 25]

4(a)(i) A= Lahore B= Rawalpindi / Islamabad 2 @ 1 mark 2 4(a)(ii) Karakoram Highway / KKH 1 @ 1 mark 1 4(a)(iii) • More roads in / most dense in east / north-east / south-east; • Fewer roads in / least dense in south-west / north; • One region the north / north-east has a motorway; • Motorway connects cities (A and B) in the north / north-east; • Many minor roads compared to major highways in all regions. 2 @ 1 mark 2 4(b)(i) • Faster / more efficient form of transport / to reduce time of journey; • Industrial estates are built along the route / promotes industrial growth; • Trading / raw materials can be delivered to industries / finished products can be delivered to markets / dry ports; • More employment opportunities can be provided (due to industrial expansion); • Motorway can be further expanded to connect Afghanistan and the Central Asian Republic / increase foreign trade / increase in imports and exports; • New settlements can be established along the route; • Connects cities / to outlying rural areas; • Promote tourism; • Relieve traffic on other roads , e.g. N5; • Reduce accidents / safer. 3 @ 1 mark 3 4(b)(ii) • Fast / efficient; • Can move bulky goods / a lot of people; • Cheaper; • More suitable for long distances; • More comfortable / sleepers; • Less stressful / pay in advance; • Cost effective / economical; • Safe / fewer accidents; • No traffic jams; • More sustainable / less air pollution 4 @ 1 mark 4 4(c)(i) • It is an inland terminal connected to a seaport by road or rail; • Operates as a centre for the transhipment of sea cargo to inland destinations; • An inland area or multimodal logistics centre connected to the sea. 1 @ 1 mark 1 4(c)(ii) • Faisalabad • Gilgit • Hyderabad • Islamabad • Karachi / Kemari • Lahore • Larkana • Multan • Murgha Pura • Peshawar • Quetta • Rawalpindi • Sambrial / Sialkot 2 @ 1 mark 2 4(c)(iii) • Can be used to relieve a major seaport of workload and congestion; named examples / Karachi / Port Qasim (dev); • Provides facilities; like container yards/warehouses/railway sidings / cargo-handling equipment / administrative services / for export or import purposes / everything is in one place (dev); • Speeds up / saves time / more convenient for businesses; as they do not have to transport their goods all the way to the sea port (dev); • Efficient managerial staff; saves time and money/paperwork completed quickly / smooth collection of revenue for government (dev); • Refrigeration facilities provided; for perishable items, e.g. fruit and vegetables (dev); • Employment opportunities provided / warehousing / customs (dev); • Allows trade away from sea port / allows all regions to be productive / encourages foreign trade in each region (dev); • Saves money for exporters; makes more profit (dev); Etc. Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development (in parentheses). Note: Max. 2 marks if no development. 2 @ 2 marks 4 4(d) Levels marking No valid response 0 Level 1 1–2 Simple point referring to one view (1) Simple points referring to any view (2) Level 2 3–4 Developed point referring to one view (3) Developed points referring to both views (4) Level 3 5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5) Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6) Content Guide Answers are likely to refer to: Develop rail network in Balochistan • Balochistan is one of the least developed areas with low population density / few opportunities for trade; • Direct links to Gwadar or Pasni ports would help develop trade and industry; • The rail network in the central area of Balochistan is virtually undeveloped / currently runs around the outskirts of the province; • Towns and cities would be more accessible and less isolated; • It would reduce the amount of migration from the area; • Further links into Iran and / or Afghanistan could be developed; Etc. Develop rail network through the Northern Regions • The Northern Regions are one of the least developed areas with low population density / few opportunities for trade; • A rail route through to China would provide increased revenue for the country, and save journey time; • Raw materials from the Northern areas could be transported to other parts of Pakistan more efficiently; • Tunnels through the Himalayas would reduce the environmental impact and will reduce the risk to the railway from landslides and avalanches; • Tourism can be developed more in this area; • People can commute; • May reduce rural to urban migration; • Attract businesses and industries to the region / improve cottage industries; Etc. 6 4(d) Ideas against further development • High cost of developing infrastructure; • Availability of funding / increase debt; • Availability of technical knowledge and / or equipment; • Difficulty of building railways due to topography and difficult landscape; • People might not want to live or work there and would still migrate; • Businesses and industries would need more to attract them to these areas, e.g. incentives; • Other countries may benefit more than Pakistan; • Climate challenges; • Local people in northern regions might not benefit; Etc.

4 (a) (i) Study Fig. 4.1, a map showing the rail network in Pakistan. Arabian Sea Key: international boundary rail network province-level boundary disputed boundary N 0 100 200 km 300 JAMMU & KASHMIR disputed territory AFGHANISTAN IRAN INDIA Peshawar Chitral Islamabad Peshawar Islamabad Lahore Karachi X Z Y Quetta Fig. 4.1 Name the three provinces X, Y and Z. X … Y … Z … [3] (ii) Using Fig. 4.1 only, identify two countries that have international rail links with Pakistan. 1 … 2 … [2] (iii) Using Fig. 4.1 only, describe the regional variations of the rail network in Pakistan. … … … … … …[3] (b) (i) State one improvement that has taken place on the railways in Pakistan since 2000. …[1] (ii) Suggest reasons why the government is improving the railways in Pakistan. … … … … … … … …[4] (c) (i) Study Fig. 4.2, a survey of internet usage in Pakistan in 2014. Approximately 87% of households own mobile phones but only 7% have an internet connection. Mobile phone ownership is higher in urban areas (95%) than rural areas (83%). Approximately 17% of urban homes have an internet connection compared with 2% of rural homes. Fig. 4.2 Suggest two reasons why a small percentage of the rural population use the internet. 1 … … 2 … …[2] (ii) Explain why internet access is important in education. You should develop your answer. … … … … … … … …[4] (d) It is important to improve telecommunications in Pakistan to encourage development. Read the following two views about improving internet access in Pakistan: A B It is better to invest in improving internet access in the major cities of Pakistan. It is better to invest in extending internet access to the rural regions of Pakistan. Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …[6] [TOTAL: 25]

4(a)(i) X = Balochistan Y = Punjab Z = Sindh 3 @ 1 mark 3 4(a)(ii) Iran India 2 @ 1 mark 2 4(a)(iii) • Northern Pakistan / FATA has no / few rail networks; • Dense network in Punjab; • Sparse network in Balochistan / South / Southwest / one line in Balochistan; • There are two lines in central KPK; • Medium / moderate network in Sindh; • More around major cities; • More railways in East / more railways in North East (or opposites). 3 @ 1 mark 3 4(b)(i) Recent developments include: • New services on different routes; • Constructing a track to Gwadar linked to the port; • Computerised ticketing system; • One window ticketing system; • Dual tracks; • More electrification; • Karakoram Express / Shalimar Express / Magno Train / new routes / more lines; • Air-conditioned coaches; • Public address system; • More spacious coaches with more seats / berths; • Greater safety; • More privatisation – provides more comfortable coaches. 1 @ 1 mark 1 4(b)(ii) Ideas such as: • To encourage more people to use railways; • The network needed improving / was outdated; • To carry more passengers / large amount of people on one journey; • To enhance the transport of goods / people or examples within the country; • To provide a service to neighbouring countries / international links; • To improve trade links / connect more industrial areas / connect dry port to sea port / connect remote areas to developed areas/market; • To assist business / economic growth / income for government; • More environmentally friendly; • To be able to travel longer distances; • Faster than road; • Cheaper than air; • Better security / safer than roads; • Provides opportunities for tourism or named examples; Etc. 4 @ 1 mark 4 4(c)(i) • Few people have mobile phones / computers in rural areas; • Limited internet connection / internet infrastructure in rural areas; • Limited access to internet; • Electrical devices are expensive; • Limited electricity; • Lower literacy levels; • Any valid reason(s) why internet is used in rural areas, e.g. farmers’ weather forecasting / education. 2 @ 1 mark 2 4(c)(ii) • Assists research / websites; • Develops skills for an ever-increasing technological world; • Provides opportunities for learning beyond the classroom; • Widens horizons / develops an interest in the wider world; • Provides opportunities for future employment prospects / apply online; • Can get information on any topic; • Can access more information than in a library; • Women can learn from home / online learning / distance learning; • Increase knowledge of a subject; • Can ask experts / interaction / receive answers in minutes; • Up to date information; • Assists homework assignments; Etc. Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development (in parentheses). Note: Max. 2 marks if no development. 2 @ 2 marks 4 4(d) Levels marking No valid response 0 Level 1 1–2 Simple point addressing any view (1) Simple points addressing any view (2) Level 2 3–4 Developed point(s) explaining one view (3) Developed point(s) explaining both views (4) No evaluation Level 3 5–6 Developed points explaining both views Evaluation giving clear support to one view or appropriate example (5) Evaluation giving clear support to one view and appropriate example (6) Content Guide Answers are likely to refer to: improving internet access in major cities: • More people will benefit; • More schools and children are more likely to go to school in the urban areas as opposed to the rural areas (where they may have to work); • More businesses which would benefit; Etc. extending internet access to rural areas: • Reduces isolation; • May help and encourage small businesses to grow or set up there; • May reduce rural to urban migration if opportunities are provided in rural areas; Etc. 6

2 (a) Study Fig. 2, which shows changes in road type in Pakistan over a 15-year period. 20% 0% 50% 10% 30% 90% 70% 0% 50% 10% 30% 90% 70% 40% Metalled Unmetalled 60% 80% 1998–99 Key: 20% 40% 60% 80% 2013–14 Fig. 2 (i) Complete the pie chart for 2013–14 by using the following information and the key provided: Road type Percent Metalled 73 Unmetalled 27 [2] (ii) State the increase in the percentage of metalled roads in Pakistan between 1998–99 and 2013–14. …[1] (iii) Suggest two advantages of developing the motorway network in Pakistan. 1 … … 2 … …[2] (iv) Explain the difficulties of building roads in the desert areas of Pakistan. You should develop your answer. … … … … … … … …[4] (b) Study Photographs B and C (Insert), which show typical working scenes in rural areas. (i) Using Photograph B and your own knowledge, describe how bricks are made in rural areas. … … … … … …[3] (ii) Describe the work being done in Photograph C. … … … …[2] (c) (i) Why is employment in urban areas considered to be more attractive than employment in rural areas? … … … …[2] (ii) State three pull factors that attract migrants to urban areas other than for work. 1 … … 2 … … 3 … …[3] (d) It has been proposed that a large integrated iron and steel mill should be built on the outskirts of Rawalpindi, Punjab. 80 km2 of land will be cleared for the mill and new infrastructure will be provided to the site by the local authorities. Large amounts of raw materials will be brought onto the site by road or rail and it is planned to produce up to 3 million tonnes of finished steel per year. Evaluate how the new integrated iron and steel mill will affect the local people of Rawalpindi. Give reasons to support your answer. You should consider both benefits and problems in your answer. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …[6] [TOTAL: 25]

2(a)(i) First radial line at 0% and second at 73% (allow 72–74%) Correctly shaded using key 2 @ 1 mark 2 2(a)(ii) 1998–99 = 56% 2013–14 = 73% 73 – 56 = 17 (% increase) (allow 14–20) 1 @ 1 mark 1 2(a)(iii) • Quicker/faster connection/more direct routes/saves time; • Cities/towns/rural areas will be better connected/connect remote areas; • Faster supply/delivery of raw materials/finished goods/ exports/imports/trade will be more efficient/quicker trade routes; • Promote industrial growth/industrialisation/industries will develop/build industrial estates along route; • To relieve pressure on existing roads; • Create employment opportunities/attract foreign investment; • To connect to Afghanistan and Central Asian Republic/or other named countries; • Establish new settlements along the route; • Increase development of tourism. 2 @ 1 mark 2 2(a)(iv) • Rugged/hilly/undulating/sandy terrain (increases construction cost)/(due to extra bridges/cuttings/ embankments/extra length to curve around features); • Extreme aridity/heat/hot/high temperatures/sand/dust storms (making difficult working conditions for construction workers)/(causing dehydration/heat-related illnesses of workers/workers might find it exhausting/traffic can be hampered due to sand storms); • Remote/uninhabited/low population density areas (increasing cost of transporting/housing workers/so not cost effective)/(meaning a shortage of local labour); • Lack of government investment/government funding; • Opposition from tribal areas; • Lack of security/insurgency; • Lack of water; • High construction costs. ETC. Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development (in parentheses). Note: Max 2 marks if no development. 2 @ 2 marks 4 2(b)(i) • Mixing clay with water; • Placing mixture into rectangular moulds/mould the clay/moulded into brick shape/cuboid shape/put into stencils/blocks; • Leaving to dry in sunlight; • Firing/baking in kilns/furnace/heated in kilns to harden them/baked/heated in a furnace. Note: Processes do not have to be in the correct order. 3 @ 1 mark 3 2(b)(ii) • Harvesting/cutting; • Collecting in bales/bundling together/stacking/tying them; • Laborious/carrying/lifting/picking up; • Manual work/done by hand. 2 @ 1 mark 2 2(c)(i) • High salary/salaries higher/more work-related benefits/promotion available/handsome salaries; • Salaries more regular/stable/livelihood less at risk/fixed wages; • Better working conditions/examples, e.g. AC/more likely to be indoors/offices/factories; • Less likely to be manual/more likely to be higher skilled; • Perceived abundance of work available/wider variety of jobs/more job opportunities; • Fixed/regular hours/year round/contract. 2 @ 1 mark 2 2(c)(ii) • Higher/better education/better/more schools/universities/ colleges; • More/better hospitals/greater access to healthcare; • Better housing/or examples, e.g. brick built housing; • Named better infrastructure transport/roads/railways; • Better/more regular supply of electricity/gas; • Improved/better sanitation/sewage systems; • Piped/clean/drinking/regular supply/potable water; • More entertainment/recreation/leisure facilities or named examples, e.g. cinema; • Variety of shops/shopping malls; • Reliable access to food/more food available/more regular food supply; • Bright lights/glamorous lifestyle. 3 @ 1 mark 3 2(d) Levels marking Level 1 (1–2 marks) Simple point addressing either a problem or benefit (1). Simple points addressing either problems or benefits or both (2). Level 2 (3–4 marks) Developed point(s) explaining either problems or benefits (3). Developed point(s) explaining both problems and benefits (4). No evaluation. Level 3 (5–6 marks) Developed points explaining both problems and benefits. Evaluation giving clear support to problems or benefits or a named example (5). Developed points explaining both problems and benefits. Evaluation giving clear support to problems or benefits and a named example (6). Content Guide: Answers are likely to refer to: Benefits • Employment opportunities • Improvements to roads/other infrastructure • New settlements • Educational/recreational facilities • More trade for local shops • More work for local ancillary/related industries Problems • Farmland/grazing • Air pollution/dust from chimneys, etc. • Visual pollution/eyesore • Roads/railways congested • Attracts migrants • Uses large amounts of water/power ETC. Note: Answers must relate to local people not the nation. 6

Cambridge O Level Pakistan Studies · 2059

O-Level Pakistan Studies (2059) Transport and telecommunications past paper questions

Revise O-Level Pakistan Studies (2059) — Transport and telecommunications with real Cambridge past-paper questions grouped by topic, each shown with its marking scheme. Working one topic at a time targets exactly the skill each question tests.

8 free questions from 2017–2021, each with its marking scheme. Open the full topical bank to filter by subtopic, paper, and year.

Transport and telecommunications in O-Level Pakistan Studies 2059 exams, 2020–2025

Across 2020–2025, Transport and telecommunications accounted for 11 questions worth 275 marks in Cambridge O Level Pakistan Studies (2059) papers.