1 (a) (i) Study Fig. 1.1, a map showing the four main areas of gypsum and limestone extraction in southern Pakistan. Key international boundary main mineral extraction areas N 0 100 200 300 km Arabian Sea gypsum limestone Fig. 1.1 Complete the shading of the oval shapes in Fig. 1.1 to show the main areas where gypsum and limestone are extracted. Use the information in the key. One area of limestone has already been shaded for you. [2] (ii) State two uses of each mineral in Pakistan. gypsum: use 1 … use 2 … limestone: use 1 … use 2 … [4] (b) (i) Study Fig. 1.2, a bar graph showing the amount of GDP Pakistan earned from mining between 2011 and 2018. 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 260 000 0 280 000 300 000 320 000 340 000 360 000 year GDP from mining (PKR million) Fig. 1.2 Complete Fig. 1.2 to show that Pakistan earned 345 000 PKR million from mining in 2018. [1] (ii) Identify the amount of GDP earned from mining in 2011. … PKR million [1] (iii) Describe the changes in GDP earned from mining between 2011 and 2018. You should include data in your answer. … … … … … … [3] (c) (i) Complete the passage below about limestone extraction in Pakistan. Choose the correct words from the list and place them in the spaces provided. building equipment excavation explosives methods minerals mining outcrops seams When limestone … at the surface it is extracted by quarrying. Quarrying is an open … from which stone is extracted for … and engineering purposes. Quarrying is carried out by using different … and … such as hand tools, … or power saws, depending on the final use of the limestone. [3] (ii) Explain two human factors influencing the location of a cement factory. You should develop your answer. 1 … … … … 2 … … … … [4] (iii) Define ‘sustainable’. … … [1] (d) Evaluate the extent to which the extraction of Pakistan’s mineral resources could be made more sustainable. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [6] [Total: 25]

1(a)(i) Study Fig. 1.1, a map showing the four main areas of gypsum and limestone extraction in southern Pakistan. Complete the shading of the oval shapes in Fig.1.1 to show the main areas where gypsum and limestone are extracted. Use the information in the key. One area of limestone has already been shaded for you. • gypsum one area correctly identified (horizontal oval) and shaded = 1 mark; • limestone two areas correctly identified (both vertical ovals) and shaded = 1 mark. 2 @ 1 mark 2 1(a)(ii) State two uses of each mineral in Pakistan. gypsum uses: • cement; • fertilisers; • Plaster of Paris; • paint; • pre-fabricated construction boards; • spread on saline soil/help reclaim land for farming/chemical industry. limestone uses: • bleaching; • buildings; • cement; • glass; • iron; • lime; • paint; • painted on barks of trees/reduce pest attacks; • paper; • powder; • produce alcohol/fuel; • soap; • to treat sugar cane waste. Note: Different examples required for each mineral. Note: Gypsum uses = max. 2 marks, limestone uses = max. 2 marks. 4 @ 1 mark 4 1(b)(i) Study Fig 1.2, a bar graph showing the amount of GDP Pakistan earned from mining between 2011 and 2018. Complete Fig. 1.2. to show that Pakistan earned 345 000 PKR Million from mining in 2018. Accurate completion of the bar graph for 2018. 1 @ 1 mark 1 1(b)(ii) Identify the amount of GDP earned from mining in 2011. 270 000 1 @ 1 mark 1 1(b)(iii) Describe the changes in GDP earned from mining between 2011 and 2018. You should include data in your answer. • overall increase; • 2011 lowest (at 270 000 PKR million); • 2018 highest (at 345 000 PKR million); • amount of increase 75 000 PKR Million (tolerance to be agreed); • largest increase between 2015 and 2016 (of 21 000 PKR million). Note: One mark reserved for use of data. 3 @ 1 mark 3 1(c)(i) Complete the passage below about limestone extraction in Pakistan. Choose the correct words from the list and place them in the spaces provided. When limestone outcrops at the surface it is extracted by quarrying. Quarrying is an open excavation from which stone is extracted for building and engineering purposes. Quarrying is carried out by using different methods and equipment such as hand tools, explosives or power saws, depending on the final use of the stone. 5 or 6 correct = 3 marks 3 or 4 correct = 2 marks 1 or 2 correct = 1 mark 0 marks if the same word entered more than twice/throughout and this is the only correct answer. Note: Methods/equipment are interchangeable. 3 @ 1 mark 3 1(c)(ii) Explain two human factors influencing the location of a cement factory. You should develop your answer. • availability of natural gas/gas pipeline; used as a cheap fuel/to keep costs down; • close to markets/demand from within Pakistan; high demand from construction industry; • demand for export markets; to improve balance of payments; • large workforce nearby; to fulfil both skilled and non-skilled jobs; • transport/accessible to motorways/main roads/railways; for ease of transporting in raw materials/exporting finished products to where needed; • loans/investment to set up the factory; • near to raw materials/limestone; Etc. Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development. Note: Max. 2 marks if no development. 2 @ 2 marks 4 1(c)(ii) Define ‘sustainable’. Able to be maintained/will last a long time/will not cause damage/future generations not compromised. 1 @ 1 mark 1 1(d) Evaluate the extent to which the extraction of Pakistan’s mineral resources could be made more sustainable. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. Levels marking No valid response 0 Level 1 1–2 Simple point referring to one view (1) Simple points referring to any view (2) Level 2 3–4 Developed point referring to one view (3) Developed points referring to both views (4) Level 3 5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5) Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6) Content Guide Answers are likely to refer to: • for mineral extraction to be sustainable it means that the current population must be able to meet their own needs without compromising the needs of future generations/not harm the environment or that the environment can be returned to its former state once extraction has ceased/the economy benefits etc. • for mineral extraction to be sustainable all parts of the process need to be considered e.g. exploration/extraction/transportation of raw materials/disposing of waste etc. mineral extraction could be made more sustainable because: • there are large deposits of a variety of minerals in Pakistan so they can select which ones to use; • can enforce strict environmental guidelines and laws or examples; • increased use and availability of technology makes reserves more viable; • can return the environment to its former state after extraction; • use of renewable energy sources to exploit mineral deposits; 6 1(d) Continued mineral extraction cannot be made more sustainable because: • availability and use of technology is limited in some areas and traditional methods are still used; • profit is put before the environment; • habitats and loss of wildlife cannot be restored fully; • harmful to people e.g. vibrations from explosives/danger whilst working; • cost of extraction is high/viability may be low; • waste is harmful to the environment and may not be disposed of carefully; • environmental laws/regulations may not be enforced; • re-using and re-cycling may not be fully utilised; • causes visual, noise, land, water and air pollution; Etc.

2 (a) (i) Study Fig. 2.1 showing a blank divided bar graph. 0 10 20 30 40 50 % 60 70 80 90 100 Key surface water source % glacial melt rainfall snowmelt 45 30 25 Fig. 2.1 Complete Fig. 2.1 to show the percentage share of each source of surface water in Pakistan. Use the information in the key. [5] (ii) State three ways water is obtained for domestic purposes in Pakistan. 1 … 2 … 3 … [3] (b) (i) Explain how water is used in two different secondary industries in Pakistan. You should develop your answer. 1 … … … … 2 … … … … [4] (ii) Define ‘irrigation’. … … [1] (iii) Name and describe one type of conventional irrigation system used in Pakistan. … … … … [2] (c) Outline two advantages and two disadvantages of using irrigation on small-scale subsistence farms. advantages disadvantages 1 1 2 2 [4] (d) The United Nations has predicted that Pakistan may become a ‘water scarce’ country by 2025. To what extent can effective management of its water supply help Pakistan to avoid becoming a ‘water scarce’ country in the future? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [6] [Total: 25]

2(a)(i) Study Fig. 2.1, showing a blank divided bar graph. Complete Fig. 2.1 to show the percentage share of each source of surface water in Pakistan. Use the information in the key. • each correct division showing percentage share of each source of surface water = 1 mark – max 2 marks; • each correct labelling or shading of each source of surface water = 1 mark – max 3 marks. Note: Any order accepted. 5 @ 1 mark 5 2(a)(ii) State three ways water is obtained for domestic purposes in Pakistan. • directly from rivers/glaciers/lakes/pond; • from wells/groundwater/from aquifers; • via pipelines/water tankers/from reservoirs/taps; • collecting rainwater (in tanks on the roof); • using desalination. 3 @ 1 mark 3 2(b)(i) Explain how water is used in two different secondary industries in Pakistan. You should develop your answer. • thermal power stations; to produce steam to move the turbines; • mineral water industry; for bottling water this is the only input; • iron and steel industry; to cool the furnace; • HEP stations; pressure of water from a height or steep slope to move the turbines; • pharmaceutical industry; in the manufacture of drips, syrups, injections etc; • tanning industry; for washing/dyeing etc; • food processing/beverages; for preparing juices/squashes/syrups/beverages etc; • chemical industry; for manufacturing acids/bleach/other solutions etc; • textile industry; for washing/bleaching/ blueing/dyeing/printing etc; • cement industry; Etc. Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development. Note: Max. 2 marks if no development. 2 @ 2 marks 4 2(b)(ii) Define ‘irrigation’. It is the artificial supply of water to the land. 1 @ 1 mark 1 2(b)(iii) Name and describe one type of conventional irrigation system used in Pakistan. • shaduf; water is drawn from a well, river or canal by a bucket. • charsa; animal power is used to pull water from the well. • Persian wheel; powered by a bullock which turns a wheel with a series of pots attached to raise the water from well and tip it into the channels that lead to the field. • karez; horizontal underground canal in the foothills and brings the underground water to the surface where it can be used. • inundation canals; long canals taken off rivers. They fill when the river is high enough and when it is in flood. • diversion canal; a narrow version of an inundation canal and are often used in steep areas so that they can take water to small terraced fields. • tank irrigation; mud banks are constructed across small streams to make a small reservoir to collect water in the rainy season. Note: One mark for named technique and one mark for description. 2 @ 1 mark 2 2(c) Outline two advantages and two disadvantages of using irrigation on small-scale subsistence farms. Advantages: • can produce higher yields; • extends farming seasons/can cultivate all year round; • more land used for cultivation/can cultivate marginal land; • can control the amount of water used; • can grow a wider range of crops; • can use over a wide area; • saves time; • more reliable than rainfall; • can be cheap to install e.g. Persian wheel; Etc. Disadvantages: • cost of installation/maintenance; • difficult to build; • inundation canals only flow during rainy periods or when glacial/snow melt enters the rivers; • waterlogging of soil; • can increase salinity of soil; • can cause siltation of barrages; • unlined canals lead to seepage; Etc. Note: advantages = max 2 marks, disadvantages = max 2 marks 4 @ 1 mark 4 2(d) The United Nations has predicted that Pakistan may become a ‘water scarce’ country by 2025. To what extent can effective management of its water supply help Pakistan to avoid becoming a ‘water scarce’ country in the future? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. Levels marking No valid response 0 Level 1 1–2 Simple point referring to one view (1) Simple points referring to any view (2) Level 2 3–4 Developed point referring to one view (3) Developed points referring to both views (4) Level 3 5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5) Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6) Content Guide Answers are likely to refer to: Effective management of the water supply may help because: • Pakistan has enough water but it is not evenly spread throughout the country; • much water is lost through existing irrigation systems using traditional methods; • water is polluted through industrial and domestic waste/limited environmental regulation; • Pakistan needs to educate the people further about conserving water/reusing grey water; Etc. Effective management of the water supply may not help because: • population growth is leading to water scarcity and this should be tackled first; • Pakistan is suffering the consequences of climate change and this is an international issue that requires multi-national agreements; • the Indus Water Treaty causes many issues and needs to be updated; Etc. 6

13 4 (a) (i) Study Fig. 4.1, a pie chart showing the percentage share of Pakistan’s fertiliser production by province-level area. 0% 50 10 90 20 80 30 70 40 60 Key province-level area % Punjab Sindh Khyber Pakhtunkhwa all other 55 30 10 5 Fig. 4.1 Complete Fig. 4.1 using the information in the key. [3] (ii) Define ‘secondary industry’. … … [1] (b) (i) Name two raw materials needed to manufacture fertiliser. 1 … 2 … [2] (ii) Study Fig. 4.2 (Insert), a photograph of a fertiliser factory in Pakistan. Describe two features of the factory shown. 1 … … 2 … … [2] (iii) Describe the physical factors required for the location of a fertiliser factory. … … … … … … … … [4] (c) (i) State three ways in which the fertiliser industry is important to Pakistan. 1 … 2 … 3 … [3] (ii) Explain two negative impacts of using fertilisers and pesticides in Pakistan. You should develop your answer. 1 … … … … 2 … … … … [4] (d) Pakistan’s agricultural sector is becoming increasingly dependent on fertiliser. Read the following two views about ways of meeting the demand for fertiliser. A B Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [6] [Total: 25] Additional research and use of technology in Pakistan’s fertiliser industry is the best way of providing more fertiliser for agricultural use. Increasing imports of fertiliser is the best way of providing more fertiliser for agricultural use in Pakistan.

4(a)(i) Study Fig. 4.1, pie chart showing the percentage share of Pakistan’s fertiliser by province-level area. Complete Fig. 4.1 using the information in the key. • each correct division to create pie segment = 1 mark – max 2 marks; • correct use of key = 1 mark. Note: must be completed in the correct order as shown in the table – largest to smallest, as indicated by the completed segment ‘other’ 3 @ 1 mark 3 4(a)(ii) Define ‘secondary industry’. Changes raw material into a finished product/uses raw materials to manufacture products. 1 @ 1 mark 1 4(b)(i) Name two raw materials needed to manufacture fertiliser. • gypsum; • hydrogen; • natural gas; • nitrogen; • phosphate/phosphorous; • potash rock; • potassium; • sulphur; • water. 2 @ 1 mark 2 4(b)(ii) Study Fig. 4.2 (Insert), a photograph of a fertiliser factory in Pakistan. Describe two features of the factory shown. • tall towers/chimneys/many towers; • square/rectangular buildings; • white/silver/grey/yellow/gold buildings; • hardly any windows; • cranes; • large area of flat land/space/large factory; • multi storey/double storey; • pipes/pipelines; Etc. Note: features must be visible on the photograph 2 @ 1 mark 2 4(b)(iii) Describe the physical factors required for the location of a fertiliser factory. • availability of flat land (to build on); • large area of land/room to expand; • away from environmentally sensitive areas (to limit environmental impact); • near to a water source; • close to raw materials/raw materials available nearby; • stable land/not prone to earthquakes; • well drained land/not liable to flood; Etc. Note: Named raw materials do not gain additional mark. 4 @ 1 mark 4 4(c)(i) State three ways in which the fertiliser industry is important to Pakistan. • to increase agricultural output/healthy crop growth; • reduce imports/as an export to bring in revenue; • to provide employment opportunities; • to make use of Pakistan’s mineral resources; • to develop the formal sector; • soil is nitrate deficient; Etc. 3 @ 1 mark 3 4(c)(ii) Explain two negative impacts of using fertilisers and pesticides in Pakistan. You should develop your answer. • chemicals drain into rivers; causing eutrophication/pollutes water/growth of algae/reduced oxygen/fish die; • increased toxicity in rivers/pollutes rivers; threat to livestock/human health; • can weaken the human immune system; increased risk of diseases/gastro-intestinal disease/tuberculosis; • damage ecosystems; break down food-chains; • loss of/destruction of habitats/harmful to animals; animals move away or die out; Etc. Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development. Note: Max. 2 marks if no development. 2 @ 2 marks 4 4(d) Pakistan’s agricultural sector is becoming increasingly dependent on fertiliser. Read the following two views about ways of meeting the demand for fertiliser. View A Additional research and use of technology in Pakistan’s fertiliser industry is the best way of providing more fertiliser for agricultural use. View B Increasing imports of fertiliser is the best way to provide more fertiliser for agricultural use in Pakistan. Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer. Levels marking No valid response 0 Level 1 1–2 Simple point referring to one view (1) Simple points referring to any view (2) Level 2 3–4 Developed point referring to one view (3) Developed points referring to both views (4) Level 3 5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5) Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6) Content Guide Answers are likely to refer to: Agree with View A because: • Pakistan is an agro-based country and should improve technology further to keep a-pace with demand; • if Pakistan is self-sufficient in the production of fertilisers it will reduce imports and help with the balance of payments; • Pakistan has plenty of raw materials required to produce enough fertilisers so should increase the number of factories; improved technology will save money and create skilled jobs; • increased demand can be met internally; Etc. Disagree with View B because: • the cost of imports will burden the economy; • reliance on other countries for fertiliser means that this could lead to the price of fertiliser rising; 6 4(d) • if relations between the trading country/partner breaks down then Pakistan might experience a fertiliser shortage which could damage agricultural production; • prices will fluctuate; Etc. Agree with View B: • it may be more financially viable to invest in other industries that would provide a higher return (and/or named examples); • it is cheaper to import fertilisers than produce them; • extracting the minerals to produce the fertilisers is environmentally damaging; • more organic farming should be introduced rather than relying on chemicals as less environmental pollution will be caused and it is healthier for the livestock and people; • demand for fertiliser is always higher than the amount produced; Etc. Disagree with View A: • there may not be capacity of skilled and professional people/scientists to do this/ may be needed to work in other industries; • Pakistan should invest in other high value businesses rather than the fertiliser industry to gain higher income from trade; • should move towards manufacturing and services rather than relying on being agro-based economically/socially; • the cost of research would be higher compared to imports; Etc.

5 (a) (i) Study Fig. 5.1, a line graph showing the unemployment rate (as a percentage of the population) in Pakistan between 2008 and 2018. 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 unemployment rate (%) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 Fig. 5.1 Complete Fig. 5.1 to show that 3% of the population were unemployed in 2013. [1] (ii) In which year was the unemployment rate lowest? … [1] (iii) Which of the following statements best describe the change in the unemployment rate between 2008 and 2018? Tick (3) two boxes in the table below: Unemployment rate has: Tick (3) decreased then increased fluctuated generally decreased generally increased stayed the same [1] (iv) In 2018 the total working-age population of Pakistan was 127 million and the unemployment rate was 3 per cent. Calculate the number of unemployed people in Pakistan in 2018. Show your working in the box below. [2] (b) (i) Define ‘underemployment’. … … [1] (ii) Suggest two reasons for unemployment and two reasons for underemployment in Pakistan. reasons for unemployment reasons for underemployment 1 1 2 2 [4] (iii) Describe how unemployment and underemployment can influence GDP in Pakistan. … … … … … … [3] (c) (i) Name two jobs in Pakistan’s informal sector. 1 … 2 … [2] (ii) Explain how employment opportunities are affected by the availability of manual labour and skilled labour in Pakistan. You should develop your answer. … … … … … … … … [4] (d) Pakistan’s literacy rate was 60 per cent in 2020 and was predicted to be 68 per cent by 2025. To accelerate this growth, a new government initiative was introduced with the target of achieving a national literacy rate of 90 per cent by 2025. Assess the extent to which higher literacy rates may increase employment opportunities for people in Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [6] [Total: 25] Additional page If you use the following lined page to complete the answer(s) to any question(s), the question number(s) must be clearly shown. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

5(a)(i) Study Fig. 5.1, a line graph showing the unemployment rate (as a percentage of the population) in Pakistan between 2008 and 2018. Complete Fig 5.1 to show that 3% of the population were unemployed in 2013. Point plotted at 3% and line joined up. 1@ 1 mark 1 5(a)(ii) In which year was the unemployment rate lowest? 2008 1 @ 1 mark 1 5(a)(iii) Which of the following statements best describe the change in the unemployment rate between 2008 and 2018? Tick () two boxes in the table below: fluctuated, generally increased 1 @ 1 mark 1 5(a)(iii) In 2018 the total working-age population of Pakistan was 127 million and the unemployment rate was 3%. Calculate the number of unemployed people in Pakistan in 2018. Show your working in the box below. 127 000 000 ÷ 100 × 3 = 3 810 000 (people) Note: reserve one mark for working out. If correct answer but no working or incorrect working = max 1 mark 2 @ 1 mark 2 5(b)(i) Define ‘underemployment’. People are working fewer hours than they wish/people who are not fully employed/doing jobs that they are over qualified for. 1 @ 1 mark 1 5(b)(ii) Suggest two reasons for unemployment and two reasons for underemployment in Pakistan. Reasons for unemployment: • rapidly growing population; • mechanisation of farming; • increased use of technology; • rural to urban migration; • reduction in demand for some products; • natural disasters or examples e.g. floods/earthquakes; • not enough jobs for the number of people; • some of the workforce have lower levels of education/literacy/skills; Reasons for underemployment: • jobs may be seasonal e.g. cotton picking; • increased mechanisation of farming; • increased use of technology; • mainly part time jobs available; • cultural restraints/traditions/family ties; Etc. Note: Different reasons required for unemployment and underemployment. 4 @ 1 mark 4 5(b)(iii) Describe how unemployment and underemployment can influence GDP in Pakistan. • reduced/low GDP/negative impact; • under-utilisation of human resources results in low GDP; • wages decrease therefore taxes collected are reduced leading to low GDP; • lower consumer expenditure which reduces a country’s earnings/slows economic growth; • leads to out migration/international migration/emigration affecting GDP; Etc. 3 @ 1 mark 3 5(c)(i) Name two jobs in Pakistan’s informal sector. • rug making; • making pottery/ceramics; • weaving/making textiles; • street vendors; • fruit seller; • cleaners; • handicrafts at home/tailor/pedlar. Etc. 2 @ 1 mark 2 5(c)(ii) Explain how employment opportunities are affected by the availability of manual labour and skilled labour in Pakistan. You should develop your answer. manual labour • abundance of manual labour will promote low paid primary activities; thereby reducing employment opportunities and/or higher earnings; • less manual labour means fewer people to do the low paid primary jobs such as farming/mining; resulting in low output and/or food shortages; skilled labour • abundance of skilled labour will encourage international companies to invest in Pakistan; thereby promoting employment opportunities; • less skilled labour limits employment opportunities and/or industrial development in the secondary and tertiary sectors; limiting competition with other countries; • industries need skilled labour to operate; due to high cost of machinery/prefer people over machines or examples; • literate people/entrepreneurs create job opportunities; reduces unemployment/boosts the economy; Etc. Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development. Note: Max. 2 marks if no development. 2 @ 2 marks 4 5(d) Pakistan’s literacy rate was 60 per cent in 2020 and was predicted to be 68 per cent by 2025. To accelerate this growth, a new government initiative was introduced with the target of achieving a national literacy rate of 90 per cent by 2025. Assess the extent to which higher literacy rates may increase employment opportunities for people in Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. Levels marking No valid response 0 Level 1 1–2 Simple point referring to one view (1) Simple points referring to any view (2) Level 2 3–4 Developed point referring to one view (3) Developed points referring to both views (4) Level 3 5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5) Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6) Content Guide Answers are likely to refer to: higher literacy rates may increase people’s employment opportunities because: • it would make people more attractive to employers; • more skilled people bigger range of jobs open to them especially in the public sector; • people in education and training for longer will not join unemployment statistics at 16; • may encourage people to seek jobs overseas; Etc. higher literacy rates may not increase people’s employment opportunities because: • may not be enough jobs for people with literacy skills; • Pakistan needs to invest further in secondary and tertiary industry to create jobs; • Pakistan needs to attract increased foreign investment to create jobs; Etc. Examples can be job types. 6

1 (a) (i) Study Fig. 1.1, a map of Pakistan. This figure has been removed. It showed an outline map of Pakistan. There are 4 located dots with arrows labelled A (Islamabad), B (Lahore), C (Faisalabad) and D (River Indus). Fig. 1.1 Name the three cities labelled A, B and C on Fig. 1.1. A … B … C … [3] (ii) Name the river labelled D on Fig. 1.1. D … [1] (iii) Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert), a map showing the location of a university in Lahore. Using Fig. 1.2 only, describe the location of this university. … … … … … … [3] (iv) Suggest two factors that may affect access to university education in Pakistan. 1 … … 2 … … [2] (b) (i) Define ‘small-scale’ industry. … … … … [2] (ii) Using Fig. 1.2 (Insert) only, suggest two advantages of developing a new information technology business area at X. 1 … … 2 … … [2] (iii) Explain how the following factors can increase economic development in Pakistan. You should develop your answer. degree-level qualifications … … … … use of telecommunications … … … … [4] (c) State two strategies used by governing authorities to promote industrial growth in Pakistan. 1 … 2 … [2] (d) The number of information technology (IT) users in Pakistan has increased rapidly since 2000. Evaluate the extent to which the use of IT in Pakistan has the potential to reduce unemployment. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [6] [Total: 25]

1(a)(i) A = Islamabad B = Lahore C = Faisalabad 3 @ 1 mark 3 1(a)(ii) D = River Indus 1 @ 1 mark 1 1(a)(iii) Ideas such as: In the south west of the city; South of river; On/along main road/railway; Direction from any named feature/location within the map boundary; Distance from any named feature/location within the map boundary. Note: Max 2 marks for direction and Max 2 marks for distance. 3 @ 1 mark 3 1(a)(iv) Ideas such as: Some cannot gain basic education/entry qualifications; Cost/fees are too expensive; Many in rural areas cannot access higher education; More university places are needed; People are needed to care for family members; People are needed to work in the family business/earn money for the family; etc. 2 @ 1 mark 2 1(b)(i) Has assets less than Rs 10 million (excluding loan, land and building); Up to 10 hired labour can be employed in addition to family labour. 2 @ 1 mark 2 1(b)(ii) Ideas such as: Near university for skilled labour; Links with university for research/agglomeration; Near Model Town for work force; Can locate anywhere/footloose; Lots of available space to build/expand on; etc. 2 @ 1 mark 2 1(b)(iii) Ideas such as: Degree-level qualifications Skilled workforce; (will be attractive to international businesses); Will reduce unemployment; (more people earning a living wage/higher wages); Will improve social services such as schools and hospitals; (improve HDI so more attractive internationally/reduce economic emigration/more trained doctors/teachers); Specialised courses according to the requirements of the industry; (meets the employment needs of the company); Training for managers at all levels; (reduces the need for people from outside Pakistan to take these roles/money stays in Pakistan); etc. Use of telecommunications Enables companies/businesses to communicate instantly around the world; (no need to wait for meetings/travel abroad); Will attract international companies to have headquarters/branches located in Pakistan; (will improve the balance of payments); Ease of use of mobile phones; (able to conduct business from anywhere/work from home); Ability to message/email/skype/meet remotely; (information obtained and shared instantly/instant messaging/decisions made quickly and easily); Able to set up websites/advertise globally/TV and radio/internet; (increased trade/competition with international markets); Increased market opportunities/e-commerce; (able to trade around the world/development of on-line banking/reduces costs/overheads); Enhanced ability to compete in the global market; (increasing GDP); etc. Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development (in parentheses). Note: Max 2 marks if no development. 2 @ 2 marks 4 1(c) Ideas such as: Development of export processing zones; Restrictions on exports; Development Trade Development Authority of Pakistan (TDAP); Developing named infrastructure - roads/railways/airports/ports); Developing telecommunications/named examples; Training and education; Advertising nationally and/or internationally; Providing incentives for new businesses/named examples; etc. 2 @ 1 mark 2 1(d) Levels marking Level 1 (1–2 marks) Simple point referring to one view (1) Simple points referring to any view (2) Level 2 (3–4 marks) Developed point referring to one view (3) Developed points referring to both views (4) Level 3 (5–6 marks) Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5) Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6) Content Guide Answers are likely to refer to: IT may reduce unemployment because More entrepreneurs are generated; Will reduce the need for managers to be brought in from businesses abroad; New businesses will open; Can train future generations; Further development of tertiary and/or quarternary sectors; Many people own smart phones; Can have basic skills to use a phone or computer to set up a business from home; Can be carried out in any language; etc. IT may not reduce unemployment because Equipment and training can be expensive; Not all students/families can afford to go to university and develop IT expertise; Many IT graduates emigrate so Pakistan does not always benefit from them; Not all areas have a reliable electricity supply; etc. 6

Cambridge O Level Pakistan Studies · 2059

O-Level Pakistan Studies (2059) Industrial development past paper questions

Revise O-Level Pakistan Studies (2059) — Industrial development with real Cambridge past-paper questions grouped by topic, each shown with its marking scheme. Working one topic at a time targets exactly the skill each question tests.

13 free questions from 2017–2021, each with its marking scheme. Open the full topical bank to filter by subtopic, paper, and year.