1 This question is about Anglo-Indian relations between 1911 and the early 1920s. Study the sources (Insert) carefully and then answer the questions which follow. (a) According to Source A, what were the reasons for India supporting Britain in the First World War? [3] (b) What can we learn from Source B about the British presence in India at this time? [5] (c) Explain the importance of the Lucknow Pact of 1916. [7] (d) To what extent had India benefited by the early 1920s from supporting Britain in the First World War? Explain your answer. [10] [Total: 25]

1(a) According to Source A, what were the reasons for India supporting Britain in the First World War? Target: AO4 • ‘in defence of an Empire’ • to fight ‘a common enemy’ • ‘India has always been loyal’ • India’s ‘future development in terms of prosperity’ • India’s recognition of ‘our rights as citizens’ One mark for each relevant statement correctly identified from the source. Note: candidates may paraphrase but content must be derived from the bullet point statements above. 3 1(b) What can we learn from Source B about the British presence in India at this time? Target: AO1, AO4 Level 3 (4–5 marks) Supported valid inference(s) • one valid inference supported by a surface feature from source B [4] • additional valid inference(s) supported by surface feature(s) from source B or one valid inference supported by a surface feature from source B and contextual knowledge [5] Level 2 (2–3 marks) Unsupported valid inference(s) • one unsupported valid inference [2] • additional unsupported valid inference(s) [3] Level 1 (1 mark) Identifies a surface feature Any correct surface feature taken from source B [1] Level 0 (0 marks) No creditable response Note: an unsupported valid inference can only be credited if it can be inferred directly from the source. Note: In Levels 1–3 a response that does not refer to source B cannot be credited. Note: Only credit responses in Levels 2 and 3 that are relevant to the way the British ruled in India. 5 1(b) Indicative content Surface feature • there is a ceremony/coronation taking place • there are many soldiers there • there are some buildings • the soldiers are standing to attention/on parade • the soldiers are organised into rows • the soldiers have guns • A crowd of people (civilians) are watching the ceremony Valid inference • it looks like an important occasion/ceremony • it looks like a formal/organised event • it looks like Indian soldiers are showing loyalty to the monarchy • it shows the British presence in India was powerful • Indian people wanted to be part of the occasion Contextual knowledge • the King and Queen are the new Emperor and Empress of India • the British had a large army in India • there were a large number of Indians in the British army in India • it was the first imperial coronation to take place on Indian soil Other relevant responses should also be credited. 1(c) Explain the importance of the Lucknow Pact of 1916. Target: AO1, AO2 Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 1. Indicative content • a pact was made between the Muslim League and Congress • Muslim League and Congress hoped that self-government was possible • the Muslim League saw the benefit of working with Congress • the Muslim League and Congress were working together for the first time • they never co-operated again • Congress accepted the principle of separate electorates for the Muslim community Other relevant responses should also be credited. 7 1(d) To what extent had India benefitted by the early 1920s from supporting the British in the First World War? Explain your answer. Target: AO1, AO2 Level 5 (10 marks) Explains with evaluation/ judgement Explanation at the top of Level 4 with an evaluation/ judgement supported by relevant and accurate contextual knowledge Level 4 (7–9 marks) Explanation of both sides of the issue • one explanation of each side of the issue [7] • two explanations or one developed explanation of one-side of the issue and an explanation of the other side of the issue [8] • additional explanation(s) and/or developed explanation(s) from either side of the issue [9] Supported by relevant and accurate contextual knowledge Level 3 (4–6 marks) Explanation of one-side of the issue • one explanation [4] • two explanations or one developed explanation [5] • additional explanation(s) and/or developed explanation(s) [6] Supported by relevant and accurate contextual knowledge Level 2 (2–3 marks) Identification/ description of the issue Identifies and/or describes the issue using relevant and accurate contextual knowledge (1 mark per identification/ description) Level 1 (1 mark) General answer Valid general comment lacking specific subject knowledge Level 0 (0 marks) No creditable response Indicative content May agree that India had benefitted by the early 1920s from supporting the British in the First World War because: • in 1917 India was told it would be given a greater say in government • a report in 1918 suggested that India might have self-government • the Government of India Act 1919 announced separate electorates counter-arguments might include: • the 1919 Act retained most of the power in India in British hands • minority groups were not given separate electorates • the Rowlatt Act of 1919 was very restrictive on Indian peoples lives Other relevant responses should also be credited. 10

2 (a) Describe what happened at the battle of Buxar. [4] (b) Explain why Sir Syed Ahmad Khan wanted to improve relations between the Muslim community and the British after the War of Independence. [7] (c) ‘The imprisonment of its leaders was the main reason for the Khilafat Movement ending.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [14] [Total: 25]

2(a) Describe what happened at the battle of Buxar. Target: AO1 One mark for each relevant point. Additional mark for supporting detail. Indicative content • in 1764 [1] British forces/Hector Munro [1] fought the Indian army at Buxar/Baksar [1] • the Nawab of Bengal/Mir Qasim [1] Shah Alam II [1] Nawab of Oudh [1] were on the Indian side • there were (1000) British casualties [1] and (6000) Indian casualties [1] • the battle confirmed British authority over Bengal 4 • the war was ended by the Treaty of Allahabad [1] in 1768 [1] • the East India Company took control of Bengal/Bihar/Oudh/Orissa (1) • Robert Clive was reappointed as Governor of Bengal Other relevant responses should also be credited. 2(b) Explain why Sir Syed Ahmad Khan wanted to improve relations between the Muslim community and the British after the War of Independence. Target: AO1, AO2 Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 1. Indicative content • Sir Syed Ahmad Khan foresaw the potential power of the Hindu community in India • he believed that the Muslim community was not responsible for the War • he wanted to prevent any future suffering of the Muslim community • he wanted to improve the social and economic conditions of the Muslim community/the Muslim community to prosper • he wanted the Muslim community to have improved educational opportunities Other relevant responses should also be credited. 7 2(c) ‘The imprisonment of its leaders was the main reason for the Khilafat Movement ending.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. Target: AO1, AO2 Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 2. Indicative content May agree that the imprisonment of its leaders was the main reason for the Khilafat Movement ending: • Mohammed Ali and Shaukat Ali-Maulana Azad were the leaders • the Ali brothers and other leaders were imprisoned in 1921 • the Khilafat Movement lost direction as a result of their imprisonment counterarguments may include: • Muslim groups migrated to Afghanistan in 1920 • the Moplah uprising took place in 1921 • Gandhi withdrew his support in 1922 • Kemal Ataturk abolished the Caliph in 1924 • the strength of the British response to events • Muhammad Ali Jinnah did not actively support the Movement Other relevant responses should also be credited. 14

3 (a) Describe what happened at Allahabad in 1930. [4] (b) Explain why the Muslim League was formed in 1906. [7] (c) To what extent were the outcomes of the War of Independence beneficial for India? Explain your answer. [14] [Total: 25]

3(a) Describe what happened at Allahabad in 1930. Target: AO1 One mark for each relevant point. Additional mark for supporting detail. Indicative content • Allama Iqbal chaired a meeting of the Muslim League in Allahabad • in his presidential address [1] he called for all Muslims to work towards achieving a separate homeland [1] • he argued that Islam united Muslims into one nation [1] and there could be no peace unless they were recognised as such [1] • he wanted some areas to be amalgamated into a separate state (Punjab, NWFP and Balochistan) (any one named [1]) Other relevant responses should also be credited. 4 3(b) Explain why the Muslim League was formed in 1906. Target: AO1, AO2 Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 1. Indicative content • to unite the Muslim community • Hindu groups had their own party • Hindu groups wanted their own language • there was a view that Hindu groups would dominate the Muslim community • the Muslim community were successful in the Simla Deputation • the growth of some Hindu groups concerned the Muslim community Other relevant responses should also be credited. 7 3(c) To what extent were the outcomes of the War of Independence beneficial for India? Explain your answer. Target: AO1, AO2 Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 2. Indicative content May agree that the outcomes of the War of Independence were beneficial for India: • the Doctrine of Lapse was abolished • the East India Company came to an end • irrigation schemes were begun • Indian farmers benefitted from new farming methods • the railway network was extended counter-arguments might include: • the British carried out reprisals • the Mughal Emperor was banished • the Princes lost power • disruption to trade and business Other relevant responses should also be credited. 14

3 (a) Describe the events that took place at Jallianwalla Bagh in 1919. [4] (b) Explain why the Congress Party opposed the Morley–Minto reforms of 1909. [7] (c) ‘By 1948 Pakistan had solved the challenges created by Partition.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [14] [Total: 25]

3(a) Describe the events that took place at Jallianwalla Bagh in 1919. Target: AO1 One mark for each relevant point. Additional mark for supporting detail. Indicative content • a peaceful demonstration [1] was being held by Indian people [1] • Jallianwalla Bagh/the park [1] was reached by a narrow entrance with high walls [1] • British troops fired on a crowd [1] of (20000) Indian people [1] • General Dyer commanded the British troops • many (400) people were killed [1] and many (1200) people wounded [1] • the crowd panicked [1] and tried to escape out of the park [1] through the narrow entrances [1] leading to a crush [1] Other relevant responses should also be credited. 4 3(b) Explain why the Congress Party opposed the Morley-Minto reforms of 1909. Target: AO1, AO2 Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 1. Indicative content • the British would not give more political responsibility to India • Congress opposed the principle of separate electorates • self-rule was not given or promised • Congress raised objection to Muslim representation in the Councils Other relevant responses should also be credited. 7 3(c) ‘By 1948 Pakistan had solved the challenges created by Partition.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. Target: AO1, AO2 Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 2. Indicative content May agree that by 1948 Pakistan had solved the challenges created by Partition: • refugees were accommodated • Quaid-e-Azam toured the provinces to promote unity • in July 1948, the new State Bank of Pakistan was set up • in 1948 the new Pakistan Civil Service was founded • Canal Water dispute was partially solved in 1948 Counterarguments may include: • the Princely States of Hyderabad and Junagadh took longer to choose between India and Pakistan • the Kashmir issue remained • British officers were still running the armed forces 14 • East and West Pakistan remained physically distanced • the Canal Water dispute was ongoing Other relevant responses should also be credited.

4 (a) Describe the terms of the Simla Agreement. [4] (b) Explain why Congress and the Muslim League opposed the Cripps Mission of 1942. [7] (c) ‘Ayub Khan’s agricultural policies were the most effective of the domestic reforms that took place between 1958 and 1969.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [14] [Total: 25]

4(a) Describe the terms of the Simla Agreement. Target: AO1 One mark for each relevant point. Additional mark for supporting detail. Indicative content • an agreement signed in July 1972 [1] between Bhutto [1] and Gandhi [1] • India agreed to return imprisoned soldiers [1] • Both countries promised to discuss the Kashmir issue [1] • and not with organisations such as the United Nations [1] Other relevant responses should also be credited. 4 4(b) Explain why Congress and the Muslim League opposed the Cripps Mission of 1942. Target: AO1, AO2 Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 1. Indicative content • the Muslim League wanted reference to the establishment of Pakistan • Congress wanted immediate control over India • Congress was unsure that the British would deliver the proposals in the plan • Congress wanted to exploit Britain’s weak position at this time Other relevant responses should also be credited. 7 4(c) ‘Ayub Khan’s agricultural policies were the most effective of the domestic reforms that took place between 1958 and 1969.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. Target: AO1, AO2 Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 2. May agree that agricultural policies were the most effective of Ayub Khan’s domestic policies: • land was redistributed • tenant farmers were introduced • farmers were given loans • farming productivity increased • irrigation schemes were introduced • farming mechanisation was introduced Counter-arguments might include: • an oil refinery was built in Karachi • a Mineral Development Corporation was set up • an export bonus scheme was started • economic growth increased • the price of milk was fixed • new houses were built • new schools and a new curriculum were introduced • refugees were found new homes • a family planning programme was established • medical facilities were improved • a new capital was built at Islamabad • a Basic Democracy Scheme was implemented Other relevant responses should also be credited. 14

Cambridge O Level Pakistan Studies · 2059

O-Level Pakistan Studies (2059) The emergence of Pakistan 1906-47 past paper questions

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The emergence of Pakistan 1906-47 in O-Level Pakistan Studies 2059 exams, 2020–2025

Across 2020–2025, The emergence of Pakistan 1906-47 accounted for 24 questions worth 600 marks in Cambridge O Level Pakistan Studies (2059) papers.