1 Study Fig. 1.1, a map showing the natural topography of southern and western Pakistan. Key land height in metres 3000+ 1000–2999 500–999 0–499 international boundary river city N 0 100 200 300 km Arabian Sea IRAN AFGHANISTAN INDIA Quetta Quetta Peshawar Peshawar River Indus River Indus River Zhob River Zhob S u l a i m a n R a n g e S u l a i m a n R a n g e V W X Fig. 1.1 (a) For the landforms labelled V, W and X on Fig. 1.1, circle the correct answer below: (i) V Balochistan Plateau Potwar Plateau Salt Range [1] (ii) W Balochistan Plateau Potwar Plateau Salt Range [1] (iii) X Balochistan Plateau Potwar Plateau Salt Range [1] (iv) Using Fig. 1.1 only, describe the location of the Sulaiman Range. … … … … … … [3] (b) (i) Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert), a photograph of the Salt Range. Using Fig. 1.2 only, describe two features of the Salt Range. … … … … [2] (ii) Name two minerals that can be obtained from the Salt Range and suggest one use for each. mineral 1 … use … mineral 2 … use … [4] (c) (i) Explain two ways in which the natural topography of the Salt Range makes mineral exploitation difficult. You should develop your answer. 1 … … … … 2 … … … … [4] (ii) Describe three environmental problems caused by mineral extraction. 1 … … 2 … … 3 … … [3] (d) Evaluate the benefits and problems of further developing the mineral extraction industry in Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [6] [Total: 25]

1(a)(i) Study Fig. 1.1, a map showing the natural topography of southern and western Pakistan. For the landforms labelled V, W and X on Fig. 1.1, circle the correct answer below. V V = Potwar Plateau 1 @ 1 mark 1 1(a)(ii) W W = Salt Range 1 @ 1 mark 1 1(a)(iii) X X = Balochistan Plateau 1 @ 1 mark 1 1(a)(iv) Using Fig. 1.1 only, describe the location of the Sulaiman Range. • east of Quetta; • south/south-west of Peshawar; • west of river Indus; • south/south-east of/near to river Zhob; • near to confluence of rivers Indus and Zhob/between the two rivers; • south-east of Afghanistan/north-east of Iran/north-west of India; • in centre of Pakistan/inland/far away from international border/Arabian Sea/coast; • any appropriate distance from/to a named feature measured from the scale e.g. Quetta 220–260 km. Note: only references to places/features which are named on the map are credited. 3 @ 1 mark 3 1(b)(i) Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert), a photograph of the Salt Range. Using Fig. 1.2 only, describe two features of the Salt Range. • badland topography/dissected/rugged; • steep slopes/high land/mountainous/hilly; • sharp peak/peaks; • ridge/ravine/gullies/rills; • sparse vegetation/greenery/shrubs/scrub/bushes; • bare rock/rocky/gravel/barren/small rocks/scree/sandy/stony; • red/orange/brown rocks; • rocks in layers; • dry/arid. 2 @ 1 mark 2 1(b)(ii) Name two minerals that can be obtained from the Salt Range and suggest one use for each. • mineral: salt/halite • use: for cooking/preserving/foods/soda/bicarbonate of soda/caustic soda/soda for laundry/textiles/tanning/bath salts/cosmetics/ (decorative) lamps. • mineral: gypsum/anhydrite. • use: cement/concrete/paints/fertilisers/plaster boards/plaster of Paris/spread on saline soil in farming. • mineral: limestone • use: cement/concrete/buildings/iron and steel extraction/bleaching powder/glass/soap/paper/paints/lime/treats sugar cane waste to produce alcohol fuel/painted on bark of trees to control pests and termites/aerate soil/treat salinity/acidity/as fertiliser. • mineral: coal • use: in brick kilns/to make coke/coal briquettes/in power generation/ cement production/medicines/tars/(home and commercial) heating. • mineral: bauxite • use: to produce aluminium/utensils/tins/cans/furnace linings/abrasives. Note: to be awarded use mark a correct use must be given for a correctly named mineral. 4 @ 1 mark 4 1(c)(i) Explain two ways in which the natural topography of the Salt Range makes mineral exploitation difficult. You should develop your answer. • steep slopes/mountainous/rugged/uneven ground – so it is difficult to get (large) machinery into the area/can be landslides due to drilling/explosives; • deep ravines – inaccessible as difficult to build roads to where minerals are found; • loose rocks/rock falls/landslides – dangerous working conditions/risk of accidents; • badland topography – more expensive to reach the minerals/ expensive to build roads; • barren land – difficult to construct roads; Etc. Note: Any identified idea must link to a feature of topography. Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development. Note: Max. 2 marks if no development. 2 @ 2 marks 4 1(c)(ii) Describe three environmental problems caused by mineral extraction. • vegetation cut down/deforestation as land is cleared for mining; • soil erosion by exposure of soils to rains as land is cleared; • habitats/ecosystem lost due to clearance of land; • mining waste produces land pollution; • water supplies polluted from mineral waste/chemicals from mining processes seep into groundwater and rivers/sea; • air pollution from machinery/explosives/dust and smoke; • noise pollution from machinery/extraction processes e.g. blasting; • scarred landscape/deformed landscape from pits, tips, spoil heaps; • subsidence due to collapse of underground tunnels; • landslides due to explosions; • depressions/deep holes which fill with rainwater. 3 @ 1 mark 3 1(d) Evaluate the benefits and problems of further developing the mineral extraction industry in Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. Levels marking No valid response 0 Level 1 1–2 Simple point referring to one view (1) Simple points referring to any view (2) Level 2 3–4 Developed point referring to one view (3) Developed points referring to both views (4) Level 3 5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5) Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6) Content Guide Answers are likely to refer to: benefits: • loans for equipment/hiring experts from abroad with technical expertise; • sustainable mining techniques reduce environmental damage/allow safe disposal of waste; • provides employment opportunities in remote rural regions; • large mineral reserves - extraction allows long-term development; • wages in mining often higher than in farming etc; • transport and power infrastructure developed in remote areas • encourages growth in industries using the minerals e.g. steel industry near coal and iron ore; • improves the balance of payments/reduces imports and increases exports; • producing more minerals means more income and increased GDP; • more industrial development brings jobs, means increase in tax revenue for Pakistan can be spent on education/health; Etc. 6 1(d) examples include: In 2014, the Chinese company MCC took over the operation of Duddar lead/zinc mine in Balochistan. Production increased rapidly as MCC brought in experts and modern mining machinery. Since 1980, US$236 million has been invested in Duddar: US$101 million by MCC. MCC invested in local education, health and water supplies. problems: • environmental damage can be irreversible; • better to develop other sectors of the economy e.g. agriculture to fulfil the demand from an increasing population; • jobs may be low paid and dangerous; • the financial cost of exploitation may not be fully recovered from the sale/use of the raw materials; • cost of levelling the land after mining activity to avoid land deformation; • cost of treatment of mining waste and fumes; • cost of technology/machines/experts to make the industry competitive; • some minerals are technically challenging/expensive to extract e.g. deep underground mining; • limited pool of workers with skill to operate advanced mining technology; • some minerals are low quality/may not be worth extracting - if the iron content of iron ore is less than 60%, it is not suitable for high-quality steel production e.g. coal from the Thar coalfield contains too many sulphur and lime impurities to be used in power stations; • cost of transporting minerals out/bringing workers in may discourage mineral extraction in remote areas e.g. deserts, mountain regions; • oil pipelines are expensive to build/maintain Etc. examples include: Under Thario Halepoto village in the Thar Desert lie 1.5 billion tonnes of coal but exploitation will mean villagers lose their homes and grazing lands, the destruction of desert trees and ecology, and pollution of underground water that they rely on for drinking

2 (a) Study Fig. 2.1, a map showing annual rainfall in southern and western Pakistan. N 0 100 200 300 km Arabian Sea Key rainfall in mm international boundary over 500 251–500 126–250 0–125 AFGHANISTAN INDIA IRAN Y Fig. 2.1 (i) Complete Fig. 2.1 by shading area Y using the information below and the key. Y = 126–250 mm of annual rainfall [1] (ii) Study Fig. 2.2, a map showing temperature regions of southern and western Pakistan. N 0 100 200 300 km Arabian Sea Key AFGHANISTAN INDIA IRAN Z international boundary temperature regions hot summer, mild winter warm summer, mild winter warm summer, cool winter warm/cold summer, cool/cold winter Fig. 2.2 Identify temperature region Z shown on Fig. 2.2. … [1] (iii) Using information from Figs. 2.1 and 2.2 only, complete the passage describing the relationship between annual rainfall and temperature regions. Choose the correct words from the list and place them in the spaces provided. cold cool high hot low mild strong warm weak There is a … relationship between the pattern of annual rainfall and temperature regions. The majority of the areas with 0–125 mm of rainfall experience … summers and ………….. winters, whereas areas of ………….. rainfall experience cooler summers and winters. [3] (b) (i) Describe how the Western Depressions affect the pattern of rainfall in western Pakistan. … … … … … … [3] (ii) Explain two factors that affect temperature in Pakistan. You should develop your answer. 1 … … … … 2 … … … … [4] (c) (i) Define ‘drought’. … … [1] (ii) State two effects of drought on the natural environment of Pakistan. 1 … 2 … [2] (iii) Describe the benefits and problems of cold climates for people in Pakistan. benefits … … … … problems … … … … [4] (d) Pakistan experiences extremes of climate which can have many effects on people’s lives. Read the following two views: Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [6] [Total: 25] B Droughts have the most severe impacts for people in Pakistan. A Storms and heavy rainfall have the most severe impacts for people in Pakistan.

2(a)(i) Study Fig. 2.1, a map showing annual rainfall in southern and western Pakistan. Complete Fig. 2.1 by shading area Y using the information below and the key. Whole area shaded on map according to the key (diagonal) for 126–250 mm of annual rainfall. 1 @ 1 mark 1 2(a)(ii) Study Fig. 2.2, a map showing temperature regions of southern and western Pakistan. Identify temperature region Z shown on Fig. 2.2. Warm summer, mild winter. 1 @ 1 mark 1 2(a)(iii) Using information from Figs. 2.1 and 2.2 only, complete the passage describing the relationship between annual rainfall and temperature regions. Choose the correct words from the list and place them in the spaces provided. There is a weak relationship between the pattern of annual rainfall and temperature regions. The majority of the areas with 0–125 mm of rainfall experience hot summers and mild winters, whereas areas of high rainfall experience cooler summers and winters. 4 correct = 3 marks 3 correct = 2 marks 1 or 2 correct = 1 mark 0 marks if the same word entered more than twice/throughout and this is the only correct answer. 3 @ 1 mark 3 2(b)(i) Describe how the Western Depressions affect the pattern of rainfall in western Pakistan. • Western Depression brings rain to the north-western areas of Pakistan/ Peshawar/northern Pakistan; • Western Depression causes the rainfall from December-March/in winter; • Quetta dry for rest of year/only/most rain received is from Western Depressions; • Quetta has its highest rainfall/49 mm in February; • Peshawar has its highest rainfall/78 mm in March; • as winds move towards Balochistan there is no/little moisture left/little/ no rainfall. 3 @ 1 mark 3 2(b)(ii) Explain two factors that affect temperature in Pakistan. You should develop your answer. • altitude; for every 1000 metres in height temperature drops by approximately 6.5 °C /as altitude increases there is less atmosphere above, so less pressure. This lower pressure means air molecules spread further away from each other, which has a cooling effect; • latitude; areas closer to the equator or southern Pakistan/24°N have higher temperatures as sun’s rays are more concentrated/higher angle of incidence/areas further away from the equator/northern Pakistan/37°N have lower temperatures as sun’s rays spread out over a wider area/lower angle of incidence/lose more heat travelling further through the atmosphere; • angle of the sun; the position of the earth in relation to the sun, during summer Pakistan is tilted towards the sun and so has higher temperatures/during winter it is tilted away from the sun so has lower temperatures; • continentality/maritime influence; interior has higher temperatures as there is no cooling effect from the sea/along coastal areas ocean currents and prevailing winds have a moderating effect on temperature/inland areas heat up quickly in summer, producing hot summers/lose heat quickly, so have low average temperatures in winter; cloud cover; clouds keep the heat in during the night but can prevent solar radiation getting through during the day so can keep the heat out (or vice versa); • amount of vegetation cover/deforestation; areas with dense cover have lower temperatures since it provides shade from the sun’s rays or vici- versa e.g. deserts; Etc. Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development. Note: Max. 2 marks if no development. 2 @ 2 marks 4 2(c)(i) Define ‘drought’. A long period of no/low/very little rainfall. 1 @ 1 mark 1 2(c)(ii) State two effects of drought on the natural environment of Pakistan. • desertification/extension of desert areas; • soil erosion; • ground/soil dries out/cracks/soil becomes less fertile/infertile/barren; • animals/aquatic life harmed/die/lose habitat; • vegetation/trees/plants die; • drying up of rivers/lakes/streams/water shortage/aridity; • drop in water table/less groundwater available to plants; • salt concentrations in water can increase. 2 @ 1 mark 2 2(c)(iii) Describe the benefits and problems of cold climates for people in Pakistan. benefits: • brings tourism e.g. skiing/glacier hikes/holidays/boost jobs/economy/scenic beauty attracts tourists; • frozen water bodies can be used for ice skating; • (glacial) meltwater in summer is essential for irrigation; • (glacial) meltwater/plentiful water helps to power hydel schemes; • cold climate reduces evaporation from reservoirs; • can grow (temperate) fruits in summer/boost jobs/economy; • lower need for/cost of air conditioning; problems: • seasonal movement of livestock to lower areas/transhumance-difficult to rear animals; • snow/cold can trap people in homes/people have to move to other areas; • increased need for/cost of heating buildings; • roads can become blocked by snow/avalanches, cuts off communities; • increased chance of frostbite/hypothermia; • the cold climate makes it difficult to grow most crops e.g. wheat; difficult to work in extreme cold climates so people have to work indoors; • lakes/rivers freeze over, prevent fishing/scarce water supply; • avalanches may cause injuries/death; • seasonal tourism - fewer summer jobs. Note: reserve 1 mark for benefits and 1 mark for problems. Note: different reasons required for benefits and problems. 4 @ 1 mark 4 2(d) Pakistan experiences extremes of climate which can have many effects on people’s lives. Read the following two views: View A Storms and heavy rainfall have the most severe impacts for people in Pakistan. View B Droughts have the most severe impacts for people in Pakistan. Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer. Levels marking No valid response 0 Level 1 1–2 Simple point referring to one view (1) Simple points referring to any view (2) Level 2 3–4 Developed point referring to one view (3) Developed points referring to both views (4) Level 3 5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5) Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6) Content Guide Answers are likely to refer to: agree with View A: • storms and heavy rainfall can destroy crops very quickly; • animals/cattle can be washed away/drown/be frightened; • livelihoods/houses/businesses can be washed away; • flooded roads create travel problems for business/industry; heavy rain increases soil erosion removing the top fertile layer; • fields become flooded which can create problems with waterlogging; • floodwaters from heavy rains can become polluted and spread disease; • cyclones make it unsafe for boats to go to sea, disrupting fishing; 6

3 (a) (i) Study Fig. 3.1, a map showing wheat-growing areas in southern Pakistan. 0 100 200 km 300 N Arabian Sea Arabian Sea 72°E 68°E 64°E 76°E 32°N 28°N 24°N 32°N 28°N 24°N 72°E 68°E 64°E 76°E AFGHANISTAN IRAN INDIA Key international boundary main wheat-growing areas secondary minor Fig. 3.1 Using Fig. 3.1 only, describe the distribution of the main wheat-growing area. … … … … … … [3] (ii) State two uses of wheat in Pakistan. 1 … 2 … [2] (b) (i) Study Fig. 3.2, a climate graph showing rainfall and temperature for Multan. 0 10 20 30 40 temperature (°C) rainfall (mm) 0 20 40 60 80 J F M A M J month J A S O N D Fig. 3.2 Complete Fig. 3.2 using the information below. month temperature (°C) June 36 [2] (ii) Complete the passage below about conditions required for growing wheat. Choose the correct words from the list and place them in the spaces provided. 50 90 dry heavy light rainfall sunshine wet 5–10 °C 15 °C 25–30 °C 35 °C Wheat is sown during the … season from October to December when … is low and the average temperature is … . Wheat needs at least … days to grow with a mild temperature of 10–20 °C. A warmer temperature of … is needed for ripening to take place. … rain is also needed just before the harvest to swell the grain and ensure a high yield. [3] (iii) Describe the methods used to cultivate wheat on a small-scale subsistence farm. … … … … … … … … [4] (c) (i) What type of crop is wheat? Circle one of the following: kharif rabi zaid [1] (ii) Explain how two human factors can increase the production of wheat under the cash crop farming system. You should develop your answer. 1 … … … … 2 … … … … [4] (d) Wheat contributes around 2 per cent to Pakistan’s GDP with 80 per cent of farmers growing wheat on approximately 40 per cent of Pakistan’s total cultivated land. Assess the extent to which the large amount of land currently used to grow wheat should be used to grow other higher-value crops. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [6] [Total: 25]

3(a)(i) Study Fig. 3.1, a map showing wheat-growing areas in southern Pakistan. Using Fig. 3.1 only describe the distribution of the main wheat growing area. • not evenly spread throughout Pakistan; • most on the eastern side of Pakistan/on or near to the border with India; • lots in the east/less in west; • reference to latitude/longitude; Etc. 3 @ 1 mark 3 3(a)(ii) State two uses of wheat in Pakistan. • as a staple food; • flour; • manufacture of bread/roti/chapati; • in a variety of other baked products; • (low grade used as) feed for livestock; Etc. 2 @ 1 mark 2 3(b)(i) Study Fig. 3.2, a climate graph showing rainfall and temperature for Multan. Complete Fig. 3.2 using the information below. • accurate location of the point 36 °C = 1 mark; • line joined up accurately = 1 mark. 2 @ 1 mark 2 3(b)(ii) Complete the passage below about the conditions required for growing wheat. Choose the correct words from the list and place them in the spaces provided. Wheat is sown during the dry season from October to December when rainfall is low and the average temperature is 15 °C. Wheat needs at least 90 days to grow with a mild temperature of 10-20oC. A warmer temperature of 25–30 °C is needed for ripening to take place. Light rain is also needed just before the harvest to swell the grain and ensure a high yield. 5 or 6 correct = 3 marks 3 or 4 correct = 2 marks 1 or 2 correct = 1 mark 0 marks if the same word entered more than twice/throughout and this is the only correct answer. 3 @ 1 mark 3 3(b)(iii) Describe the methods used to cultivate wheat on a small-scale subsistence farm. • land is ploughed with a traditional wooden plough and bullocks/draught power; • well irrigation is used e.g. charsa/Persian wheel or rainwater is used. • sowing/harvesting/examples done by hand/work done by hand/family/no machinery used; • grain is separated from the chaff using animal power; • cow dung used as manure; • desi seeds are used; Etc. 4 @ 1 mark 4 3(c)(i) What type of crop is wheat? Circle one of the following: kharif/rabi/zaid rabi 1 @ 1 mark 1 3(c)(ii) Explain how two human factors can increase the production of wheat under the cash crop farming system. You should develop your answer. • loans/more money invested; from the government to buy machinery or named examples; • machinery is required; as areas of land are too large to cultivate by hand; • HYV’s can be used; the yield per hectare is approximately twice that of local or desi varieties; • chemical fertilisers are used; to speed the growth so that two crops can be cultivated per year; • pesticides are used; to prevent crops being ruined by pests/locusts or named examples; • irrigation installed; e.g. replacing traditional methods with new modern methods such as sprinkler systems or tubewells; • land reforms; fields are larger so can use machinery; Etc. Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development. Note: Max. 2 marks if no development. 2 @ 2 marks 4 3(d) Wheat contributes around 2 per cent to Pakistan’s GDP with 80 per cent of farmers growing wheat on approximately 40 per cent of Pakistan’s total cultivated land. Assess the extent to which the large amount of land currently used to grow wheat should be used to grow other high value crops. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. Levels marking No valid response 0 Level 1 1–2 Simple point referring to one view (1) Simple points referring to any view (2) Level 2 3–4 Developed point referring to one view (3) Developed points referring to both views (4) Level 3 5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5) Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6) Content Guide Answers are likely to refer to: Agree because: • wheat does not contribute very much to the economy but almost half of the cultivated land area is used for wheat; • still need to import wheat as unable to meet current demand; • environmental factors affect the production of wheat so in some years production is low; • high value crops will earn more money for the economy/increase GDP; • would have to import less high value crops; Etc. Disagree because: • land reforms have not always been effective in some parts of Pakistan; • much of the land is used by small scale subsistence farmers which limits what the land can be used for; • high value crops such as cotton require more water which Pakistan is short of; • costly to grow more high value crops; • additional education and training needed to grow more high value crops; • some farmers reluctant to grow different crops/traditional methods v modern methods; • may contribute to food shortages/wheat is a staple; • high value crops may not be food e.g. could be palm oil etc; • growing more high value crops may benefit big organisations over individual farmers; Etc. 6

1 (a) (i) Study Fig. 1.1, a map of Pakistan. This figure has been removed. It showed an outline map of Pakistan. There are 4 located dots with arrows labelled A (Islamabad), B (Lahore), C (Faisalabad) and D (River Indus). Fig. 1.1 Name the three cities labelled A, B and C on Fig. 1.1. A … B … C … [3] (ii) Name the river labelled D on Fig. 1.1. D … [1] (iii) Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert), a map showing the location of a university in Lahore. Using Fig. 1.2 only, describe the location of this university. … … … … … … [3] (iv) Suggest two factors that may affect access to university education in Pakistan. 1 … … 2 … … [2] (b) (i) Define ‘small-scale’ industry. … … … … [2] (ii) Using Fig. 1.2 (Insert) only, suggest two advantages of developing a new information technology business area at X. 1 … … 2 … … [2] (iii) Explain how the following factors can increase economic development in Pakistan. You should develop your answer. degree-level qualifications … … … … use of telecommunications … … … … [4] (c) State two strategies used by governing authorities to promote industrial growth in Pakistan. 1 … 2 … [2] (d) The number of information technology (IT) users in Pakistan has increased rapidly since 2000. Evaluate the extent to which the use of IT in Pakistan has the potential to reduce unemployment. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [6] [Total: 25]

1(a)(i) A = Islamabad B = Lahore C = Faisalabad 3 @ 1 mark 3 1(a)(ii) D = River Indus 1 @ 1 mark 1 1(a)(iii) Ideas such as: In the south west of the city; South of river; On/along main road/railway; Direction from any named feature/location within the map boundary; Distance from any named feature/location within the map boundary. Note: Max 2 marks for direction and Max 2 marks for distance. 3 @ 1 mark 3 1(a)(iv) Ideas such as: Some cannot gain basic education/entry qualifications; Cost/fees are too expensive; Many in rural areas cannot access higher education; More university places are needed; People are needed to care for family members; People are needed to work in the family business/earn money for the family; etc. 2 @ 1 mark 2 1(b)(i) Has assets less than Rs 10 million (excluding loan, land and building); Up to 10 hired labour can be employed in addition to family labour. 2 @ 1 mark 2 1(b)(ii) Ideas such as: Near university for skilled labour; Links with university for research/agglomeration; Near Model Town for work force; Can locate anywhere/footloose; Lots of available space to build/expand on; etc. 2 @ 1 mark 2 1(b)(iii) Ideas such as: Degree-level qualifications Skilled workforce; (will be attractive to international businesses); Will reduce unemployment; (more people earning a living wage/higher wages); Will improve social services such as schools and hospitals; (improve HDI so more attractive internationally/reduce economic emigration/more trained doctors/teachers); Specialised courses according to the requirements of the industry; (meets the employment needs of the company); Training for managers at all levels; (reduces the need for people from outside Pakistan to take these roles/money stays in Pakistan); etc. Use of telecommunications Enables companies/businesses to communicate instantly around the world; (no need to wait for meetings/travel abroad); Will attract international companies to have headquarters/branches located in Pakistan; (will improve the balance of payments); Ease of use of mobile phones; (able to conduct business from anywhere/work from home); Ability to message/email/skype/meet remotely; (information obtained and shared instantly/instant messaging/decisions made quickly and easily); Able to set up websites/advertise globally/TV and radio/internet; (increased trade/competition with international markets); Increased market opportunities/e-commerce; (able to trade around the world/development of on-line banking/reduces costs/overheads); Enhanced ability to compete in the global market; (increasing GDP); etc. Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development (in parentheses). Note: Max 2 marks if no development. 2 @ 2 marks 4 1(c) Ideas such as: Development of export processing zones; Restrictions on exports; Development Trade Development Authority of Pakistan (TDAP); Developing named infrastructure - roads/railways/airports/ports); Developing telecommunications/named examples; Training and education; Advertising nationally and/or internationally; Providing incentives for new businesses/named examples; etc. 2 @ 1 mark 2 1(d) Levels marking Level 1 (1–2 marks) Simple point referring to one view (1) Simple points referring to any view (2) Level 2 (3–4 marks) Developed point referring to one view (3) Developed points referring to both views (4) Level 3 (5–6 marks) Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5) Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6) Content Guide Answers are likely to refer to: IT may reduce unemployment because More entrepreneurs are generated; Will reduce the need for managers to be brought in from businesses abroad; New businesses will open; Can train future generations; Further development of tertiary and/or quarternary sectors; Many people own smart phones; Can have basic skills to use a phone or computer to set up a business from home; Can be carried out in any language; etc. IT may not reduce unemployment because Equipment and training can be expensive; Not all students/families can afford to go to university and develop IT expertise; Many IT graduates emigrate so Pakistan does not always benefit from them; Not all areas have a reliable electricity supply; etc. 6

2 (a) (i) Study Fig. 2.1, a map of Pakistan. This figure has been removed. It showed an outline map of Pakistan and three lines of latitude: 28° N, 32° N and 36° N. There are two located dots with arrows labelled A (Muree) and B (Quetta). Fig. 2.1 Name the two cities labelled A and B on Fig. 2.1. A … B … [2] (ii) Study Fig. 2.2, climate graphs showing rainfall and temperature for cities A and B. 0 10 20 30 40 temperature (°C) rainfall (mm) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 0 10 20 30 40 temperature (°C) rainfall (mm) 0 50 100 150 200 J F M A M J months months J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D City A – 2167 m above sea level, 34° N City B – 1600 m above sea level, 30° N Fig. 2.2 Complete the climate graph for city B using the information below. month temperature (°C) July 28 [2] (iii) Using Fig. 2.2 only, compare the rainfall and temperature for city A and city B. … … … … … … [3] (b) Explain how the following factors affect temperature in cities A and B. You should develop your answer. altitude … … … … latitude … … … … [4] (c) (i) Which three statements about thunderstorms in Pakistan are correct? Tick (✓) three boxes below. Thunderstorms are most likely to occur: Tick (✓) during the pre-monsoon season during the post-monsoon season in northern and north western areas in southern and south western areas in the summer in the winter [3] (ii) Thunderstorms are one source of rainfall. State three other sources of rainfall in Pakistan. 1 … 2 … 3 … [3] (iii) Other than flooding, describe two problems experienced by people as a result of thunderstorms. … … … … [2] (d) Floods are a normal occurrence in Pakistan. However, every seven to eight years there are severe floods. Assess the extent to which the problems of severe flooding can be managed in Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [6] [Total: 25]

2(a)(i) A = Muree B = Quetta 2 @ 1 mark 2 2(a)(ii) City B plot and line completed accurately on climate graph (Fig. 2.2) 2 @ 1 mark 2 2(a)(iii) Ideas such as: A has more rain than B; B has higher summer temperatures than A; Both have low winter temperatures; A has a rainy season during summer months whereas B has a rainy season during the winter months; Total rainfall is higher in A than B; Annual temperature range in B is 24 °C whereas in A it is 16 °C; Highest rainfall in A is 342 mm in July whereas in B it is 58 mm in March (could accept lowest); Highest temperature in A is 21 °C in June whereas in B it is 28 °C in July (could accept lowest); etc. Note: Opposites accepted but cannot be double credited. 3 @ 1 mark 3 2(b) Ideas such as: Altitude Temperatures decrease as altitude increases– or vice versa; (City A/Muree at higher altitude/2167 m so has cooler temperatures than city B/Quetta at lower altitude/1600 m which has higher temperatures); etc. Latitude Temperatures decrease with distance from the equator as latitude increases – or vice versa; (City A/Muree is at a higher latitude/34 °N so has cooler temperatures than City B/Quetta at lower latitude/30 °N)/(low angle of the sun brings lower temperatures in winter/high angle of sun in summer brings warmer temperatures in both cities); etc. Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development (in parentheses). Note: Max 2 marks if no development. 2 @ 2 marks 4 2(c)(i) During the post-monsoon season; In northern and north west areas; In the summer. Note: If four boxes ticked Max 2 marks, five boxes ticked Max 1 mark, six boxes ticked Max 0 marks. 3 @ 1 mark 3 2(c)(ii) Monsoon Winds/Arabian Sea; The Western Depressions; Convectional currents; Relief rainfall; (Tropical) Cyclones. 3 @ 1 mark 3 2(c)(iii) Ideas such as: Destroys crops/orchards/or named examples; Roofs of houses can be damaged; Electricity can be cut off; Telecommunications can be disturbed; etc. 2 @ 1 mark 2 2(d) Levels marking Level 1 (1–2 marks) Simple point referring to one view (1) Simple points referring to any view (2) Level 2 (3–4 marks) Developed point referring to one view (3) Developed points referring to both views (4) Level 3 (5–6 marks) Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5) Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6) Content Guide Answers are likely to refer to: Severe flooding can be managed Afforestation; Enlarging river channel; Building embankments; Building extra channels to remove floodwater from cities; Building reservoirs Not building on flood plains; Publicizing flood warnings; Evacuation procedures; etc. Severe flooding can be difficult to manage Very expensive to introduce man-made structures; Can only be done in certain areas; One off extreme events cannot always be planned for; Flood prevention measures for every eventuality is not cost effective; Cannot always accurately predict areas that may be affected by flooding; Land is sometimes needed for other uses so cannot always be used for afforestation/reservoirs; etc. 6

Cambridge O Level Pakistan Studies · 2059

O-Level Pakistan Studies (2059) The land of Pakistan past paper questions

Revise O-Level Pakistan Studies (2059) — The land of Pakistan with real Cambridge past-paper questions grouped by topic, each shown with its marking scheme. Working one topic at a time targets exactly the skill each question tests.

20 free questions from 2017–2021, each with its marking scheme. Open the full topical bank to filter by subtopic, paper, and year.