1 (a) (i) Study Fig. 1.1, a map of Pakistan. This figure has been removed. It showed an outline map of Pakistan. There are 4 located dots with arrows labelled A (Islamabad), B (Lahore), C (Faisalabad) and D (River Indus). Fig. 1.1 Name the three cities labelled A, B and C on Fig. 1.1. A … B … C … [3] (ii) Name the river labelled D on Fig. 1.1. D … [1] (iii) Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert), a map showing the location of a university in Lahore. Using Fig. 1.2 only, describe the location of this university. … … … … … … [3] (iv) Suggest two factors that may affect access to university education in Pakistan. 1 … … 2 … … [2] (b) (i) Define ‘small-scale’ industry. … … … … [2] (ii) Using Fig. 1.2 (Insert) only, suggest two advantages of developing a new information technology business area at X. 1 … … 2 … … [2] (iii) Explain how the following factors can increase economic development in Pakistan. You should develop your answer. degree-level qualifications … … … … use of telecommunications … … … … [4] (c) State two strategies used by governing authorities to promote industrial growth in Pakistan. 1 … 2 … [2] (d) The number of information technology (IT) users in Pakistan has increased rapidly since 2000. Evaluate the extent to which the use of IT in Pakistan has the potential to reduce unemployment. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [6] [Total: 25]

1(a)(i) A = Islamabad B = Lahore C = Faisalabad 3 @ 1 mark 3 1(a)(ii) D = River Indus 1 @ 1 mark 1 1(a)(iii) Ideas such as: In the south west of the city; South of river; On/along main road/railway; Direction from any named feature/location within the map boundary; Distance from any named feature/location within the map boundary. Note: Max 2 marks for direction and Max 2 marks for distance. 3 @ 1 mark 3 1(a)(iv) Ideas such as: Some cannot gain basic education/entry qualifications; Cost/fees are too expensive; Many in rural areas cannot access higher education; More university places are needed; People are needed to care for family members; People are needed to work in the family business/earn money for the family; etc. 2 @ 1 mark 2 1(b)(i) Has assets less than Rs 10 million (excluding loan, land and building); Up to 10 hired labour can be employed in addition to family labour. 2 @ 1 mark 2 1(b)(ii) Ideas such as: Near university for skilled labour; Links with university for research/agglomeration; Near Model Town for work force; Can locate anywhere/footloose; Lots of available space to build/expand on; etc. 2 @ 1 mark 2 1(b)(iii) Ideas such as: Degree-level qualifications Skilled workforce; (will be attractive to international businesses); Will reduce unemployment; (more people earning a living wage/higher wages); Will improve social services such as schools and hospitals; (improve HDI so more attractive internationally/reduce economic emigration/more trained doctors/teachers); Specialised courses according to the requirements of the industry; (meets the employment needs of the company); Training for managers at all levels; (reduces the need for people from outside Pakistan to take these roles/money stays in Pakistan); etc. Use of telecommunications Enables companies/businesses to communicate instantly around the world; (no need to wait for meetings/travel abroad); Will attract international companies to have headquarters/branches located in Pakistan; (will improve the balance of payments); Ease of use of mobile phones; (able to conduct business from anywhere/work from home); Ability to message/email/skype/meet remotely; (information obtained and shared instantly/instant messaging/decisions made quickly and easily); Able to set up websites/advertise globally/TV and radio/internet; (increased trade/competition with international markets); Increased market opportunities/e-commerce; (able to trade around the world/development of on-line banking/reduces costs/overheads); Enhanced ability to compete in the global market; (increasing GDP); etc. Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development (in parentheses). Note: Max 2 marks if no development. 2 @ 2 marks 4 1(c) Ideas such as: Development of export processing zones; Restrictions on exports; Development Trade Development Authority of Pakistan (TDAP); Developing named infrastructure - roads/railways/airports/ports); Developing telecommunications/named examples; Training and education; Advertising nationally and/or internationally; Providing incentives for new businesses/named examples; etc. 2 @ 1 mark 2 1(d) Levels marking Level 1 (1–2 marks) Simple point referring to one view (1) Simple points referring to any view (2) Level 2 (3–4 marks) Developed point referring to one view (3) Developed points referring to both views (4) Level 3 (5–6 marks) Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5) Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6) Content Guide Answers are likely to refer to: IT may reduce unemployment because More entrepreneurs are generated; Will reduce the need for managers to be brought in from businesses abroad; New businesses will open; Can train future generations; Further development of tertiary and/or quarternary sectors; Many people own smart phones; Can have basic skills to use a phone or computer to set up a business from home; Can be carried out in any language; etc. IT may not reduce unemployment because Equipment and training can be expensive; Not all students/families can afford to go to university and develop IT expertise; Many IT graduates emigrate so Pakistan does not always benefit from them; Not all areas have a reliable electricity supply; etc. 6

5 (a) (i) Study Fig. 5.1, a population pyramid showing the projected population structure for Pakistan in 2040. male female percentage (%) percentage (%) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 – 4 age group 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 5 – 9 10 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 34 35 – 39 40 – 44 45 – 49 50 – 54 55 – 59 60 – 64 65 – 69 70 – 74 75 – 79 80 – 84 85 + young dependents economically active older dependents Fig 5.1 Complete the population pyramid using the information below: males age 60–64 1.7% [1] (ii) Using Fig. 5.1, calculate the percentage of female young dependents in Pakistan. Circle the correct answer. 13.1% 17.4% 18.6% 36.0% [1] (iii) Describe the projected population structure for Pakistan in 2040 using Fig. 5.1 only. … … … … … … [3] (iv) Explain how population data can be used to plan for the future in Pakistan. You should develop your answer. … … … … … … … … [4] (b) (i) Suggest three benefits of a youthful population for Pakistan. 1 … … 2 … … 3 … … [3] (ii) State four ways that a low and steady birth rate can be achieved in Pakistan. 1 … 2 … 3 … 4 … [4] (c) (i) Complete the sentence below about overpopulation. Put the correct words in the spaces provided. There is overpopulation when there are … people and … resources to support a satisfactory quality of life. too few too many [1] (ii) Describe two impacts of overpopulation. … … … … [2] (d) Pakistan has one of the world’s largest and fastest growing populations. Read the following two views about the impact of fertility rates on the future economic development of Pakistan: B Reducing the fertility rate in Pakistan will hinder future economic development. A Unchecked high fertility rates in Pakistan will hinder future economic development. Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [6] [Total: 25] Additional Page If you use the following lined page to complete the answer(s) to any question(s), the question number(s) must be clearly shown. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

5(a)(i) Accurately drawn bar for males aged 60–64 1 @ 1 mark 1 5(a)(ii) 17.4% 1 @ 1 mark 1 5(a)(iii) Ideas such as: 0–4 age group has highest percentage of population; Predominantly young population/widest bars are below age 30; Bars start to decrease after age 34; Sharper decrease in bars after age 59; Lower percentage of population in older age groups; etc. 3 @ 1 mark 3 5(a)(iv) Ideas such as: To see how many young dependents there are; (so that the number of school places required can be determined/vaccinations/healthcare); To identify how many old dependents there will be; (so that the amount to spend on healthcare/care homes/medicines/pensions/hospitals can be estimated); To know how many economically active there are; (so the amount potentially earnt in taxation can be estimated); To estimate the total number of population; (so that the quantity of new houses/building/services/facilities needed can be predicted/named examples); etc. Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development (in parentheses). Note: Max 2 marks if no development. 2 @ 2 marks 4 5(b)(i) Ideas such as: Enough people to work in the future; Can pay more taxes; Can support families when are older; Provides a growing market for manufactured products; etc. 3 @ 1 mark 3 5(b)(ii) Ideas such as: Introduction/wider availability of contraception; Family planning centres/clinics; Educating women; Population policy; Improved healthcare; etc. 4 @ 1 mark 4 5(c)(i) Overpopulation is a result of too many people and too few resources Note: Both answers must be given for one mark 1 @ 1 mark 1 5(c)(ii) Ideas such as: Limited food supply; Famine/starvation; Overcrowding/too few houses; Development of squatter settlements; Shortage of essential services or named examples; Limited clean water; Excess waste/pollution; Pressure on infrastructure; Unemployment; etc. 2 @ 1 mark 2 5(d) Levels marking Level 1 (1–2 marks) Simple point referring to one view (1) Simple points referring to any view (2) Level 2 (3–4 marks) Developed point referring to one view (3) Developed points referring to both views (4) Level 3 (5–6 marks) Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5) Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6) Content Guide Answers are likely to refer to: A: Unchecked high fertility rates will hinder future economic development Agree because: Too many people and not enough resources or named examples e.g. food, water, houses etc; May lead to high levels of unemployment; Increased pressure on services such as healthcare and education; Higher taxes required to pay for services needed by young dependents; People will have to work longer; Investment in infrastructure or named examples may be reduced/limited as excess capital is diverted to support the young; etc. Note: Conversely candidates may argue against View A and refer to examples of how high fertility rates may aid future economic development by creating a larger workforce that can contribute through taxes etc. B: Reducing the fertility rate will hinder future economic development Disagree because: There will be more mouths to feed; More pressure on land for housing/farming/industry; Higher unemployment/not enough jobs to go around; There will be more pressure on services such as healthcare and education; Water, electricity, transport infrastructure is already stretched; etc. 6 Note: Conversely candidates may argue in favour of View B and refer to examples such as: China adopted an ante-natal population policy and later experienced an ageing population with too few economically active people, there may be natural checks to population (Malthus theory) e.g. war/famine etc.

4 (a) (i) Define ‘tertiary industry’. … … [1] (ii) Study Fig. 4.1, which shows the percentage share of people employed in each economic sector in Pakistan. 0% 50% 10% 40% 90% 60% 20% 30% 80% 70% Key: Primary Secondary Tertiary Fig. 4.1 What is the percentage of people employed in tertiary activities in Pakistan? … % [1] (iii) Name three different job types in the tertiary sector. 1 … 2 … 3 … [3] (b) (i) Describe the difference between domestic and foreign tourism. … … … … [2] (ii) Study Table 4.1, which shows the source of foreign tourists to Pakistan from selected countries in 2007. origin number UK 275 600 USA 129 600 Afghanistan 80 500 China 30 600 Table 4.1 A Which country is the main source of foreign tourists? … B Suggest two reasons for this. 1 … … 2 … … [3] (c) (i) Explain two advantages of tourism to Pakistan. You should develop your answer. … … … … … … … … [4] (ii) Study Figs. 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5 and 4.6 (Insert), photographs of some natural and cultural attractions of Pakistan. Use the photographs and your own knowledge to suggest how each is a tourist attraction. Fig. 4.2 … … Fig. 4.3 … … Fig. 4.4 … … Fig. 4.5 … … Fig. 4.6 … … [5] (d) Tourism is an important and growing activity in Pakistan contributing 7.4 per cent to Gross Domestic Product in 2017. To what extent is further development of Pakistan’s tourism industry possible? Give reasons to support your judgement. You should support different points of view in your answer. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [6] [Total: 25]

4(a)(i) Tertiary industry is any activity concerned with providing a service. 1 @ 1 mark 1 4(a)(ii) 35% 1 @ 1 mark 1 4(a)(iii) • Sales; • Waiter; • Driver; • Teacher (teaching) / education; • Doctor / bank clerk (banking); • Guide; • Hairdresser; • Trading; • Salon services; • Maid; • Tourism; • Healthcare; • Engineering; • Security; • Manager; Etc. 3 @ 1 mark 3 4(b)(i) • Domestic tourism is when people go on holiday within their own country; • Foreign tourism is when people from a different country visit / go on holiday abroad. 2 @ 1 mark 2 4(b)(ii) A: UK 1 @ 1 mark B: • Visiting friends and family living in Pakistan; • On business / official meetings (classed as tourist / visitor); • Attending a cultural event; • Sporting event; • Visiting a religious site / pilgrimage; • Sightseeing / historical sites / historical ties (e.g. colonial links); • Scenic beauty / nature loving. 2 @ 1 mark 3 4(c)(i) • Income from tourism; is usually greater than exporting raw materials (or named examples) / can help to correct the balance of payments / increase foreign exchange / money spent on areas like education and healthcare (dev); • Creates employment in local areas; examples of employment opportunities, e.g. in hotels / as tour guides (dev); • Encourages development of cottage or craft industries; handmade souvenirs are sold as profit / earn an income (dev); • Food production is increased; creation of local markets (dev); • Local people can use the tourist facilities; named examples, e.g. swimming pools / public transport (dev); • Tourist and local interaction; creates cultural awareness and understanding (dev); • Tourism is a sustainable industry; tourist attractions will be maintained / developed (dev); • Improves literacy; development of language skills interacting with tourists (dev); Etc. Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development (in parentheses). Note: Max. 2 marks if no development. 2 @ 2 marks 4 4(c)(ii) • Fig 4.2: beach for relaxing holidays / sunbathing / water sports / admiring scenic view of ocean from beach / cooling breeze from sea reduces heat / beach cricket or similar activities / riding camels; • Fig 4.3: chairlifts (in Murree) for leisure and sightseeing / explore mountains / adventurous activities / photo opportunities / scenic viewing / greenery / admiring the scenic beauty / entertainment and thrills / aerial views; • Fig 4.4: shopping / buy souvenirs (in Murree) / honeypot site for tourists / many attractions and amenities / hotels / stay in resort / market / investigating local culture / eating traditional food; • Fig 4.5: experience mountains (in northern regions) /adventure tourism / mountain climbing / hiking / skiing / trekking / snowboarding; • Fig 4.6: historic buildings / view architecture / to sample history / investigate culture / study traditions / sightseeing / historical sites / spiritual visit. 5 @ 1 mark 5 4(d) Levels marking No valid response 0 Level 1 1–2 Simple point referring to any view (1) Simple points referring to any view (2) Level 2 3–4 Developed point referring to one view only (3) Developed points referring to both views (4) Level 3 5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5) Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6) Content Guide Answers are likely to refer to: Possibilities • Many impressive attractions natural / cultural / historic that could be further developed for tourism / named area, e.g. 1500 km coastline with beaches in southern Pakistan; • Increased marketing and promotion of attractions using social media / TV; development of clear brand for Pakistan; • The role of the Pakistan Tourist Development Board in promoting tourism; • Recent additions to infrastructure that help; airports / helicopter services / roads, etc.; • Improved tourist activities / services; named hotels / packages; • Emerging middle class with time / money to go on holiday; • Visa on arrival available to 24 countries; • Greater expertise in hospitality / management of tourist facilities / training for staff; • Careful management of attractions would preserve and enhance cultural / natural tourist sites. 6 4(d) Difficulties • Cost of developing a tourist infrastructure; • Focus is on the development of other industries; • Current infrastructure; power, sewage facilities can slow the rate of development; • Access to sites restricted by transport network; road / rail / air; • Attracting investment; • Security in some tourist areas; • Some accommodation and services below international standards; • Some tourist sites have been mismanaged causing soil degradation, etc.; • Risk of natural disasters in tourist regions; flash flooding / landslides / earthquakes. Note: Example may include named infrastructure / attraction / activities.

5 (a) (i) Study Fig. 5.1, a map showing population distribution in Pakistan. Quetta Lahore Arabian Sea Key: international boundary densely populated province-level boundary disputed boundary N 0 100 200 km 300 JAMMU AND KASHMIR disputed territory Islamabad Islamabad Hyderabad Hyderabad Karachi Karachi CHINA INDIA IRAN AFGHANISTAN Fig. 5.1 Name a province that is sparsely populated. … [1] (ii) Using Fig. 5.1, describe the population distribution of Pakistan. … … … … … … [3] (iii) Suggest three physical factors for the pattern of population distribution shown in Fig. 5.1. 1 … … 2 … … 3 … … [3] (b) (i) Define ‘rural to urban migration’. … … [1] (ii) Using your own knowledge, what is the trend for the percentage share of people living in rural areas? Circle the correct answer. increasing decreasing stable [1] (iii) State three pull factors for people moving to urban areas. 1 … 2 … 3 … [3] (c) (i) Explain two impacts of large numbers of people moving into urban areas. You should develop your answer. … … … … … … … … [4] (ii) Study Figs. 5.2 and 5.3 (Insert), which show two areas of shanty development in Pakistan. Describe three differences between the shanty developments shown in Figs. 5.2 and 5.3. 1 … … 2 … … 3 … … [3] (d) Evaluate the measures taken to improve the living conditions in shanty developments in urban areas of Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [6] [Total: 25] Additional Pages If you use the following lined pages to complete the answer(s) to any question(s), the question number(s) must be clearly shown. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

5(a)(i) Balochistan / Northern areas / Gilgit-Baltistan / FATA / tribal areas. 1 @ 1 mark 1 5(a)(ii) • Unevenly spread; • Most people in North / North East Punjab / KPK; • Densely populated in Punjab / Sindh; • Most population in East Pakistan (compared with west); • Most / more population centred around cities or named example from map, e.g. Islamabad / Lahore / Hyderabad / Karachi / Quetta; • South West / West / North / North East Pakistan has few people / sparsely populated; • Balochistan / FATA / Northern KPK / NWFP/ Gilgit-Baltistan / Northern Areas / Jammu and Kashmir are sparsely populated; Etc. 3 @ 1 mark 3 5(a)(iii) • Topography / mountainous areas / uneven terrain = fewer people / flat land = more people; • Temperature / colder areas have fewer people / hot desert areas = fewer people / moderate or tolerable or favourable temperature = more people; • Snow in Northern Areas, fewer people / lack of rainfall, arid, dry = fewer people / moderate rainfall = more people; • Soil type / rich fertile soil able to grow crops = more people / dry or sandy soils difficult to grow crops / thin soil difficult to grow crops / farm = fewer people; • Near to / adequate water supply / river attracts more people / away from rivers = fewer people; • Natural route ways = more people / lack of route ways = fewer people; • Vegetation cover = more people / less vegetation cover = fewer people; • Availability of raw materials = more people / lack of raw materials = fewer people; Etc. 3 @ 1 mark 3 5(b)(i) Rural to urban migration is the movement of people from the countryside / village to towns / cities. 1 @ 1 mark 1 5(b)(ii) Decreasing 1 @ 1 mark 1 5(b)(iii) • Wider variety / higher salary jobs / better working conditions / industrial jobs; • Pleasant climatic conditions / not too hot or cold; • More / better educational opportunities / more schools / primary, secondary and further education available; • More / better healthcare facilities / more doctors / clinics available; • More reliable food supply in the cities; • Better standard of living / quality of life / modern lifestyle; • Better living conditions / better housing / improved sanitation / electricity supply / clean water; • More entertainment / recreation / bright lights / glamorous lifestyle / shopping malls / cinema; • More / better metalled roads / railways / public transport; Etc. 3 @ 1 mark 3 5(c)(i) • Unplanned growth of cities; leads to urban sprawl / growth of shanty towns (dev); • More houses needed / crowded housing areas; so people build their own homes / poorly built / development of shanty towns (dev); • Pressure on healthcare; more hospital beds / doctors needed, etc. (dev); • Pressure on education; large class sizes / half day schooling / insufficient school places (dev); • Sanitation / sewage systems overstretched; spread of diseases / raw sewage in streets (dev); • Inadequate water supply; people drink polluted water / water shortages / water turned off during certain times of the day (dev); • More power needed / electricity needed; power cuts during the day / leads to power theft (dev); • More / high / increased unemployment; high competition for jobs / more unskilled or uneducated people / creation of more jobs required / growth of informal sector (dev); • Increased traffic; leads to more air pollution / congestion / accidents (dev); • Pressure on food supplies; leading to increased prices / poor diet; Etc. Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development (in parentheses). Note: Max. 2 marks if no development. 2 @ 2 marks 4 5(c)(ii) • Houses are made from bricks (5.3) not material (5.2) / house (5.3) versus tents (5.2); • Houses are more permanent (5.3) rather than moveable / tents (5.2); • Drainage has been installed (5.3), no evidence of drainage (5.2); • Cemented pavements / walkways have been built (5.3) versus mud paths (5.2); • A water supply has been added as tanks are visible on roofs (5.3), no obvious water supply (5.2); • Electricity / wires / cables / transmission lines have been installed (5.3), not evident in (5.2); • The new housing has built doorways and windows (5.3), no doorways or windows in the tents / makeshift houses (5.2); • Solid (metal / concrete) roof (5.3) versus canvas roof (5.2); • Two storeys (5.3) versus single storey (5.2); Etc. 3 @ 1 mark 3 5(d) Levels marking No valid response 0 Level 1 1–2 Simple point referring to any view (1) Simple points referring to any view (2) Level 2 3–4 Developed point referring to one view only (3) Developed points referring to both views (4) Level 3 5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5) Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6) Content Guide Answers are likely to refer to: Successful because • Many shanty settlements have been improved by the government; • Self-help schemes encourage community spirit as people will work together; • People take pride in their environment; • Clean water prevents spread of diseases; • People will be healthier; • Better standard of living; • Housing is permanent and secure; • Have directed where housing can be built; Etc. Less successful because • Not all shanty settlements have been improved / only a few have been improved; • Unplanned urban growth / sprawl continues; • Some housing is still crowded so disease spreads easily; • Rural to urban migration continues; • Some housing is cramped / too small for large families; • Some people remain living in poverty; Etc. 6

5 (a) Study Fig. 5.1 which shows the annual population growth rate in Pakistan between 1976 and 2016. 1976 year annual population growth rate (%) 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 Fig. 5.1 (i) Complete the line graph for the annual population growth rate on Fig. 5.1 using the information below: year annual population growth rate (%) 2016 2.0 [2] (ii) A In which year was the lowest annual population growth rate? … B In which year was the highest annual population growth rate? … C Identify how the annual population growth rate has changed between 1976 and 2016. Circle one correct answer below. increased stayed the same decreased [3] (iii) State two reasons for a declining death rate. 1 … … 2 … … [2] (b) (i) Define the term ‘overpopulation’. … … [1] (ii) Explain two ways in which population growth can be reduced in Pakistan. You should develop your answer. … … … … … … … … [4] (c) (i) What are the causes of unemployment in Pakistan? … … … … … … … … [4] (ii) Suggest three ways that employment can be generated. 1 … … 2 … … 3 … … [3] (d) It is expected that over the next twenty years Pakistan’s birth rate and death rate will decrease further. Evaluate the extent to which projected population structures will affect the economy and development of Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples that you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [6] [Total: 25] END OF QUESTION PAPER Additional Pages If you use the following lined pages to complete the answer(s) to any question(s), the question number(s) must be clearly shown. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

5(a)(i) • 2.0 for 2016 • joining up of the line 2 @ 1 mark 2 5(a)(ii) A= 2008 B= 1980 C= decreased 3 @ 1 mark 3 5(a)(iii) • Better (access to) medical facilities / Improved transport to doctors / more clinics / more hospitals; • Improvements in medical care / more doctors / more nurses; • Leading a healthy lifestyle; • Control of diseases or examples: cholera / malaria / typhoid / cures for diseases / medication; • Immunisations; • Improved diets / food production; • Improved sanitation / hygiene; • Clean / safe water supplies; • Fall in infant mortality. 2 @ 1 mark 2 5(b)(i) Overpopulation is when the number of people is too many / large for the available resources. 1 @ 1 mark 1 5(b)(ii) • Introduction of population welfare programmes; e.g. women’s association / Behbud association / green star clinics and child welfare association (dev); • Non-governmental agencies working with the government; for population welfare (dev); • Improving literacy rate / education; so that people know about family planning / understand the benefits of smaller families (dev); • Support of Ulemas; to distribute knowledge that family planning benefitting maternal and infant health is within Islamic principles (dev); • More schools for females; so as to increase the age of marriage which will reduce the birth rate (dev); • Access to / use of contraception / free contraception; decreases birth rate (dev); • Increased education on family planning; prefer careers to having a family (dev); • Improvements in healthcare; • Reduced infant mortality rate; • Population policies to reduce number of people / anti-natalist policy; no more than two children allowed / fined if failed to follow policies (dev); • Provide pensions; so that children do not have to look after them when they get old (dev); • Prohibit child labour; so, no need for more children to earn for family (dev); • Fewer early marriages; as women focus on careers / reduce span of reproductivity (dev); Etc. Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development (in parentheses). Note: Max. 2 marks if no development. 2 @ 2 marks 4 5(c)(i) • Generation of enough economic opportunities for skilled and unskilled workforce / not enough jobs for everyone; • Competition from people from other countries; • Migrants / refugees moving into the country; • Rate of population growth; • Mechanisation in agriculture or industry / less manual labour; • Increased use of ICT; • Cultural traditions / restraints; • Mismatch in supply and demand of labour force / rural-urban migration adds to numbers of unemployed; • Security issues discourage investment; • Underemployment / many part time jobs; • Literacy rates / availability of education / skill levels. 4 @ 1 mark 4 5(c)(ii) • Government investment for small businesses / open more businesses or factories or industries; • Support for new businesses; • Inward foreign investment or named examples; • Incentives to encourage foreign companies; • Expansion of industry; • Development of service industry/tourism; • Non-governmental agencies or named examples; • Bank loans; • Community projects / self-help schemes or named examples; • Invest in public sector. 3 @ 1 mark 3 5(d) Levels marking No valid response 0 Level 1 1–2 Simple point referring to one view (1) Simple points referring to any view (2) Level 2 3–4 Developed point referring to one view (3) Developed points referring to both views (4) Level 3 5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5) Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6) Content Guide Answers are likely to refer to: Encourage economy and development • A lower birth rate puts less pressure on the economic resources. e.g. education, healthcare, food and housing; • A low birth rate means a lower dependency ratio; • Lower birth rate allows greater investment in in areas such as agriculture, industry, transport, trade etc., which eventually leads to economic growth (fewer resources spent supporting younger people, e.g. education / child healthcare etc.); • A decreasing death rate means a larger active population (15–60) available for work and can contribute to increasing the revenue of the country / pay taxes. This will lead to more expenditure increasing development; • A lower death rate means that the increasing number of elderly people can help with child care / pass on wisdom, knowledge and expertise to younger generations; Etc. Limit economy and development • Lower death rates will mean there are more people living longer, which leads to an ageing dependent population / may offset possible development benefits of a lower birth rate; • A higher proportion of elderly people will increase the need for investment in healthcare, care homes, pensions etc.; • There will be an increased dependency ratio of older people to younger people and who contribute less to economic growth; • A lower death rate will mean there is a larger proportion of economically active people available to work (15–60) but this may create an economic burden if there are not sufficient economic opportunities available for the increased workforce; Etc. 6

Cambridge O Level Pakistan Studies · 2059

O-Level Pakistan Studies (2059) Population and employment past paper questions

Revise O-Level Pakistan Studies (2059) — Population and employment with real Cambridge past-paper questions grouped by topic, each shown with its marking scheme. Working one topic at a time targets exactly the skill each question tests.

15 free questions from 2017–2020, each with its marking scheme. Open the full topical bank to filter by subtopic, paper, and year.