1 Study the sources (Insert) carefully and then answer the questions which follow. (a) According to Source A, which policies do some historians claim contributed to the increasing instability of the Mughal Empire by the time of Aurangzeb’s death? [3] (b) What can we learn from Source B about Mughal rule in India? [5] (c) Explain why the Hindu community objected to the Jizya tax. [7] (d) ‘The Marathan rebellions were the main reason for the decline of the Mughal Empire after the death of Aurangzeb.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] [Total: 25]

1(a) According to Source A, which policies do some historians claim contributed to the increasing instability of the Mughal Empire by the time of Aurangzeb’s death? Target: AO4 • Aurangzeb introduced ‘restrictions on personal behaviour’ [1] • he banned ‘outdoor singing’ [1], ‘dancing’ [1] • he ‘made a declaration on the length of beards’ [1] • he ‘increased taxes’ [1] ‘to pay for many expensive wars’ [1] • he ‘used large amounts of money’ [1] ‘to pay for luxurious buildings’ [1] One mark for each relevant statement correctly identified from the source. Note: candidates may paraphrase but content must be derived from the bullet point statements above. 3 1(b) What can we learn from Source B about Mughal rule in India? Target: AO1, AO4 Level 3 (4–5 marks) Supported valid inference(s) • one valid inference supported by a surface feature from source B [4] • additional valid inference(s) supported by surface feature(s) from source B or one valid inference supported by a surface feature from source B and contextual knowledge [5] Level 2 (2–3 marks) Unsupported valid inference(s) • one unsupported valid inference [2] • additional unsupported valid inference(s) [3] Level 1 (1 mark) Identifies a surface feature Any correct surface feature taken from source B [1] Level 0 (0 marks) No creditable response Note: an unsupported valid inference can only be credited if it can be inferred directly from the source. Note: In Levels 1–3 a response that does not refer to source B cannot be credited. Note: Only credit responses in Levels 2 and 3 that are relevant to the period of Mughal rule in India. Indicative content Surface feature • there are soldiers and elephants in the painting • there are some people being carried by the elephants • there are soldiers on horseback 5 • the soldiers are wearing armour • the soldiers have weapons • some people are bowing • some people are begging • the procession is passing a large building/mosque Valid inference • the Mughals had a strong army • the Emperor is being protected • the Mughals openly displayed their power/control/status • many people were in awe of the Emperor/loyal to him Contextual knowledge • Mughal rule was closely linked with Islam • the Mughal army was large and loyal to the Emperor • there were attempts to attack the Mughal Empire from people from within and outside it Other relevant responses should also be credited. 1(c) Explain why the Hindu community objected to the Jizya tax. Target: AO1, AO2 Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 1. Indicative content • the charge was levied on able-bodied non-Muslim adult men • only non-Muslim men who chose to join the Mughal army were exempted from the charge • it created an incentive amongst non-Muslims to convert to Islam to avoid the charge • the jizya charge was sometimes more than the zakat charge paid by Muslim men • some of the charge was used for the Deccan Wars • some of the charge was used to support Islamic religious activities • some of the charge was used for funding the royal court Other relevant responses should also be credited. 7 1(d) ‘The Marathan rebellions were the main reason for the decline of the Mughal Empire after the death of Aurangzeb.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. Target: AO1, AO2 Level 5 (10 marks) Explains with evaluation/judgement Explanation at the top of Level 4 with an evaluation/judgement supported by relevant and accurate contextual knowledge 10 Level 4 (7–9 marks) Explanation of both sides of the issue • one explanation of each side of the issue [7] • two explanations or one developed explanation of one-side of the issue and an explanation of the other side of the issue [8] • additional explanation(s) and/or developed explanation(s) from either side of the issue [9] Supported by relevant and accurate contextual knowledge Level 3 (4–6 marks) Explanation of one-side of the issue • one explanation [4] • two explanations or one developed explanation [5] • additional explanation(s) and/or developed explanation(s) [6] Supported by relevant and accurate contextual knowledge Level 2 (2–3 marks) Identification/description of the issue Identifies and/or describes the issue using relevant and accurate contextual knowledge (1 mark per identification/ description) Level 1 (1 mark) General answer Valid general comment lacking specific subject knowledge Level 0 (0 marks) No creditable response Indicative content May agree that the Marathan rebellions were the main reason for the decline of the Mughal Empire after the death of Aurangzeb: • the Marathans were guerrilla fighters • they defeated a Mughal army in 1737 • they occupied Delhi in 1760 counterarguments may include: • the Empire was very large (making it difficult to manage) • the Persian and Afghan armies invaded • there was no line of succession • the British had a powerful army Other relevant responses should also be credited.

2 (a) Describe the achievements of Ranjit Singh. [4] (b) Explain why Muhammad Ali Jinnah chose Urdu as the national language of Pakistan. [7] (c) ‘The work of Shah Waliullah was the main factor contributing to the spread of Islam between 1700 and 1850.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [14] [Total: 25]

2(a) Describe the achievements of Ranjit Singh. Target: AO1 One mark for each relevant point. Additional mark for supporting detail. Indicative content • Ranjit Singh annexed Punjab [1], Kashmir [1] and most of Afghanistan [1] • he was a founder of Sikh rule in the Punjab • he signed a treaty with Britain in 1809 [1] in Sindh [1] • his expansion into Afghanistan worried Britain Other relevant responses should also be credited. 4 2(b) Explain why Muhammad Ali Jinnah chose Urdu as the national language of Pakistan. Target: AO1, AO2 Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 1. Indicative content • Urdu was widely spoken and understood • He viewed it as a unifying force • it was associated with the Pakistan Movement • it has a rich literary heritage • it has important links to Islam Other relevant responses should also be credited. 7 2(c) The work of Shah Waliullah was the main factor contributing to the spread of Islam between 1700 and 1850.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. Target: AO1, AO2 Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 2. Indicative content May agree that the work of Shah Waliullah was the main factor contributing to the spread of Islam in the subcontinent between 1700 and 1850 because: • Shah Waliullah wanted to stop the decline of Islam • he promoted Islam through this writings and education • he translated the Quran into Persian • he tried to unite different Muslim sects counter-arguments might include: • the founding of the Jihad Movement by Syed Ahmad Barelvi to help unite Muslims • he also created an army (the Mujahideen - fighters for the faith) • the establishment of the Faraizi Movement by Haji Shariatullah • he wanted all Muslims to give up non-Muslim practices Other relevant responses should also be credited. 14

2 (a) Describe what happened at the battle of Buxar. [4] (b) Explain why Sir Syed Ahmad Khan wanted to improve relations between the Muslim community and the British after the War of Independence. [7] (c) ‘The imprisonment of its leaders was the main reason for the Khilafat Movement ending.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [14] [Total: 25]

2(a) Describe what happened at the battle of Buxar. Target: AO1 One mark for each relevant point. Additional mark for supporting detail. Indicative content • in 1764 [1] British forces/Hector Munro [1] fought the Indian army at Buxar/Baksar [1] • the Nawab of Bengal/Mir Qasim [1] Shah Alam II [1] Nawab of Oudh [1] were on the Indian side • there were (1000) British casualties [1] and (6000) Indian casualties [1] • the battle confirmed British authority over Bengal 4 • the war was ended by the Treaty of Allahabad [1] in 1768 [1] • the East India Company took control of Bengal/Bihar/Oudh/Orissa (1) • Robert Clive was reappointed as Governor of Bengal Other relevant responses should also be credited. 2(b) Explain why Sir Syed Ahmad Khan wanted to improve relations between the Muslim community and the British after the War of Independence. Target: AO1, AO2 Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 1. Indicative content • Sir Syed Ahmad Khan foresaw the potential power of the Hindu community in India • he believed that the Muslim community was not responsible for the War • he wanted to prevent any future suffering of the Muslim community • he wanted to improve the social and economic conditions of the Muslim community/the Muslim community to prosper • he wanted the Muslim community to have improved educational opportunities Other relevant responses should also be credited. 7 2(c) ‘The imprisonment of its leaders was the main reason for the Khilafat Movement ending.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. Target: AO1, AO2 Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 2. Indicative content May agree that the imprisonment of its leaders was the main reason for the Khilafat Movement ending: • Mohammed Ali and Shaukat Ali-Maulana Azad were the leaders • the Ali brothers and other leaders were imprisoned in 1921 • the Khilafat Movement lost direction as a result of their imprisonment counterarguments may include: • Muslim groups migrated to Afghanistan in 1920 • the Moplah uprising took place in 1921 • Gandhi withdrew his support in 1922 • Kemal Ataturk abolished the Caliph in 1924 • the strength of the British response to events • Muhammad Ali Jinnah did not actively support the Movement Other relevant responses should also be credited. 14

3 (a) Describe what happened at Allahabad in 1930. [4] (b) Explain why the Muslim League was formed in 1906. [7] (c) To what extent were the outcomes of the War of Independence beneficial for India? Explain your answer. [14] [Total: 25]

3(a) Describe what happened at Allahabad in 1930. Target: AO1 One mark for each relevant point. Additional mark for supporting detail. Indicative content • Allama Iqbal chaired a meeting of the Muslim League in Allahabad • in his presidential address [1] he called for all Muslims to work towards achieving a separate homeland [1] • he argued that Islam united Muslims into one nation [1] and there could be no peace unless they were recognised as such [1] • he wanted some areas to be amalgamated into a separate state (Punjab, NWFP and Balochistan) (any one named [1]) Other relevant responses should also be credited. 4 3(b) Explain why the Muslim League was formed in 1906. Target: AO1, AO2 Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 1. Indicative content • to unite the Muslim community • Hindu groups had their own party • Hindu groups wanted their own language • there was a view that Hindu groups would dominate the Muslim community • the Muslim community were successful in the Simla Deputation • the growth of some Hindu groups concerned the Muslim community Other relevant responses should also be credited. 7 3(c) To what extent were the outcomes of the War of Independence beneficial for India? Explain your answer. Target: AO1, AO2 Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 2. Indicative content May agree that the outcomes of the War of Independence were beneficial for India: • the Doctrine of Lapse was abolished • the East India Company came to an end • irrigation schemes were begun • Indian farmers benefitted from new farming methods • the railway network was extended counter-arguments might include: • the British carried out reprisals • the Mughal Emperor was banished • the Princes lost power • disruption to trade and business Other relevant responses should also be credited. 14

1 Study the sources (Insert) carefully and then answer the questions which follow. (a) According to Source A what were the personal characteristics of Robert Clive? [3] (b) What can we learn from Source B about the treatment of Indian hostages during the Mysore Wars? [5] (c) Explain why the East India Company was interested in the subcontinent in the years before 1750. [7] (d) To what extent were economic reforms the main cause of the War of Independence in 1857? Explain your answer. [10] [Total: 25]

1(a) According to Source A what were the personal characteristics of Robert Clive? 3 Level 1: Relevant statement(s) identified from the source 1–3 (One mark for each relevant statement identified from the source, two marks for a developed statement from the source) e.g. • A brave/courageous soldier; • A man of initiative [1], leadership [1], determined [1]; • Reckless [1], unprincipled [1]; • Badly behaved; • Gambled/took risks in battle; • Put his men's life in danger; • Devious [1], sly in battle [1]; • Cruel; • Immoral; • Greedy. No evidence submitted or response does not address the question 0 1(b) What can we learn from Source B about the treatment of Indian hostages during the Mysore Wars? 5 Level 3 Inference(s) supported by detail from the source and/or contextual knowledge 4–5 (Four marks for one supported valid inference, five marks for two or more supported valid inferences) e.g. • This looks like a ceremony with well-dressed people who are stood in their places welcoming the hostages, indicating respect to them and deference and care of them; • The painting shows Lord Cornwallis who is shaking/holding the hand of one of the hostages he is greeting; • This looks like a formal/public event of great importance or significance; • The painting shows Lord Cornwallis receiving Tipu Sultan’s sons as hostages to ensure that Tipu Sultan pays according to the terms of the Treaty; • This painting is intended to portray Cornwallis as gentle/humane/ benevolent by the way he is treating the hostages so it could be used as propaganda. We do not know if all hostages were treated with such respect, nor whether this scene shows exactly what took place. Presumably the young princes would have been frightened. Level 2: Unsupported inference(s) 2–3 (Two marks for one unsupported inference, three marks for two or more unsupported inferences) e.g. • The hostages were being treated with dignity/respect; • It was an important event; • A ceremony was taking place; • It was a public event. Level 1: Identify surface features from the source 1 (One mark for any identified surface feature) e.g. • People are shaking hands; • There are soldiers in uniform; • There are elephants. No evidence submitted or response does not address the question 0 1(c) Explain why the East India Company was interested in the subcontinent in the years before 1750. 7 Level 3: Explains reason(s) 5–7 (Five marks for one explanation, six marks for two explanations, seven marks for three explanations) e.g. • The British wanted to establish their influence in the subcontinent and to oust the Dutch and Portuguese; • The British wanted to establish a strategic port in the subcontinent that would protect its trading interests there and in the Far East; • Reports of immense wealth in the subcontinent meant the British wanted to establish a trading base there as they saw a profitable future. Level 2: Identifies reason(s) 2–4 (One mark for each identification) e.g. • Because of the raw materials they could develop wealth from; • Because other European countries were there; • The British already had some trading interests in the region. Level 1: Simple statement 1 (One mark for any simple statement) e.g. • The British wanted to trade there. No evidence submitted or response does not address the question 0 1(d) To what extent were economic reforms the main cause of the War of Independence in 1857? Explain your answer. 10 Level 5: Explains and makes judgement/evaluation 10 (As top of Level 4 plus judgement/evaluation) Level 4: Explains WHY economic reforms AND other causes were important leading to the War 6–9 (Two explanations, one economic reforms and one on other causes, are worth six or seven marks. Additional explanations on the same two reasons cannot be awarded more than eight marks. Explanation of all reasons is worth nine marks) e.g. Economic reforms • The British imposed high taxation to exploit India’s wealth. Peasants and small landowners could not afford this, so many fell into poverty. Resentment grew because of the resulting starvation and suffering; • The Sepoys were discontented because they did not get a fair deal. Their salaries were very low in comparison with those of the British soldiers and they had little chance of promotion. They were also angry over the lack of payment of extra allowances for service in newly conquered territories like Sindh; • The East India Company banned the export of cotton from India in 1800. This had a negative impact on many Indian communities who relied on making and selling cotton increasing poverty and also opposition towards the British. Other causes • The replacement of Persian and Sanskrit by English as the official language in the 1830s deeply upset both Muslim and Hindu groups as it was a threat to their culture; • English became the official language making it more difficult for some of the Muslim community to get higher paying jobs; • All women were forced to abandon purdah, which had been a custom for centuries and was widespread amongst, and strictly observed by Muslim women. This action by the British was unpopular amongst the Muslim community and opposed; • In 1852 the ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ was introduced without consultation. This policy caused great unrest because it meant that the British could take over any local kingdom that did not have a direct male heir; • The British introduced a new rifle with a paper cartridge that was coated in both cow and pig fat. The sepoys had to bite the end of the cartridge off before loading. The troops were angered and refused to use these cartridges because the Muslim faith forbade pig fat and the cow was a sacred animal in the Hindu religion. 1(d) Level 3: Explains WHY economic reforms OR other causes were important leading to the War. 5–7 (One explanation is worth five marks. Additional explanations on the same reason can be awarded up to seven marks) See exemplars in L4 Level 2: Identifies cause(s) leading to the War 3–4 (One identification / description is worth three marks. An answer with an additional identification / description is worth four marks) e.g. • High taxation; • Sepoy salaries were low; • The Doctrine of Lapse was unpopular; • Purdah was abandoned. Level 1: Simple statement(s) 1–2 e.g. • The British were unpopular amongst Indian groups. No evidence submitted or response does not address the question 0

Cambridge O Level Pakistan Studies · 2059

O-Level Pakistan Studies (2059) Cultural and historical background to the Pakistan Movement past paper questions

Revise O-Level Pakistan Studies (2059) — Cultural and historical background to the Pakistan Movement with real Cambridge past-paper questions grouped by topic, each shown with its marking scheme. Working one topic at a time targets exactly the skill each question tests.

20 free questions from 2017–2021, each with its marking scheme. Open the full topical bank to filter by subtopic, paper, and year.

Cultural and historical background to the Pakistan Movement in O-Level Pakistan Studies 2059 exams, 2020–2025

Across 2020–2025, Cultural and historical background to the Pakistan Movement accounted for 19 questions worth 475 marks in Cambridge O Level Pakistan Studies (2059) papers.