1 (a) (i) Study Fig. 1.1, a map showing the four main areas of gypsum and limestone extraction in southern Pakistan. Key international boundary main mineral extraction areas N 0 100 200 300 km Arabian Sea gypsum limestone Fig. 1.1 Complete the shading of the oval shapes in Fig. 1.1 to show the main areas where gypsum and limestone are extracted. Use the information in the key. One area of limestone has already been shaded for you. [2] (ii) State two uses of each mineral in Pakistan. gypsum: use 1 … use 2 … limestone: use 1 … use 2 … [4] (b) (i) Study Fig. 1.2, a bar graph showing the amount of GDP Pakistan earned from mining between 2011 and 2018. 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 260 000 0 280 000 300 000 320 000 340 000 360 000 year GDP from mining (PKR million) Fig. 1.2 Complete Fig. 1.2 to show that Pakistan earned 345 000 PKR million from mining in 2018. [1] (ii) Identify the amount of GDP earned from mining in 2011. … PKR million [1] (iii) Describe the changes in GDP earned from mining between 2011 and 2018. You should include data in your answer. … … … … … … [3] (c) (i) Complete the passage below about limestone extraction in Pakistan. Choose the correct words from the list and place them in the spaces provided. building equipment excavation explosives methods minerals mining outcrops seams When limestone … at the surface it is extracted by quarrying. Quarrying is an open … from which stone is extracted for … and engineering purposes. Quarrying is carried out by using different … and … such as hand tools, … or power saws, depending on the final use of the limestone. [3] (ii) Explain two human factors influencing the location of a cement factory. You should develop your answer. 1 … … … … 2 … … … … [4] (iii) Define ‘sustainable’. … … [1] (d) Evaluate the extent to which the extraction of Pakistan’s mineral resources could be made more sustainable. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [6] [Total: 25]

1(a)(i) Study Fig. 1.1, a map showing the four main areas of gypsum and limestone extraction in southern Pakistan. Complete the shading of the oval shapes in Fig.1.1 to show the main areas where gypsum and limestone are extracted. Use the information in the key. One area of limestone has already been shaded for you. • gypsum one area correctly identified (horizontal oval) and shaded = 1 mark; • limestone two areas correctly identified (both vertical ovals) and shaded = 1 mark. 2 @ 1 mark 2 1(a)(ii) State two uses of each mineral in Pakistan. gypsum uses: • cement; • fertilisers; • Plaster of Paris; • paint; • pre-fabricated construction boards; • spread on saline soil/help reclaim land for farming/chemical industry. limestone uses: • bleaching; • buildings; • cement; • glass; • iron; • lime; • paint; • painted on barks of trees/reduce pest attacks; • paper; • powder; • produce alcohol/fuel; • soap; • to treat sugar cane waste. Note: Different examples required for each mineral. Note: Gypsum uses = max. 2 marks, limestone uses = max. 2 marks. 4 @ 1 mark 4 1(b)(i) Study Fig 1.2, a bar graph showing the amount of GDP Pakistan earned from mining between 2011 and 2018. Complete Fig. 1.2. to show that Pakistan earned 345 000 PKR Million from mining in 2018. Accurate completion of the bar graph for 2018. 1 @ 1 mark 1 1(b)(ii) Identify the amount of GDP earned from mining in 2011. 270 000 1 @ 1 mark 1 1(b)(iii) Describe the changes in GDP earned from mining between 2011 and 2018. You should include data in your answer. • overall increase; • 2011 lowest (at 270 000 PKR million); • 2018 highest (at 345 000 PKR million); • amount of increase 75 000 PKR Million (tolerance to be agreed); • largest increase between 2015 and 2016 (of 21 000 PKR million). Note: One mark reserved for use of data. 3 @ 1 mark 3 1(c)(i) Complete the passage below about limestone extraction in Pakistan. Choose the correct words from the list and place them in the spaces provided. When limestone outcrops at the surface it is extracted by quarrying. Quarrying is an open excavation from which stone is extracted for building and engineering purposes. Quarrying is carried out by using different methods and equipment such as hand tools, explosives or power saws, depending on the final use of the stone. 5 or 6 correct = 3 marks 3 or 4 correct = 2 marks 1 or 2 correct = 1 mark 0 marks if the same word entered more than twice/throughout and this is the only correct answer. Note: Methods/equipment are interchangeable. 3 @ 1 mark 3 1(c)(ii) Explain two human factors influencing the location of a cement factory. You should develop your answer. • availability of natural gas/gas pipeline; used as a cheap fuel/to keep costs down; • close to markets/demand from within Pakistan; high demand from construction industry; • demand for export markets; to improve balance of payments; • large workforce nearby; to fulfil both skilled and non-skilled jobs; • transport/accessible to motorways/main roads/railways; for ease of transporting in raw materials/exporting finished products to where needed; • loans/investment to set up the factory; • near to raw materials/limestone; Etc. Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development. Note: Max. 2 marks if no development. 2 @ 2 marks 4 1(c)(ii) Define ‘sustainable’. Able to be maintained/will last a long time/will not cause damage/future generations not compromised. 1 @ 1 mark 1 1(d) Evaluate the extent to which the extraction of Pakistan’s mineral resources could be made more sustainable. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. Levels marking No valid response 0 Level 1 1–2 Simple point referring to one view (1) Simple points referring to any view (2) Level 2 3–4 Developed point referring to one view (3) Developed points referring to both views (4) Level 3 5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5) Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6) Content Guide Answers are likely to refer to: • for mineral extraction to be sustainable it means that the current population must be able to meet their own needs without compromising the needs of future generations/not harm the environment or that the environment can be returned to its former state once extraction has ceased/the economy benefits etc. • for mineral extraction to be sustainable all parts of the process need to be considered e.g. exploration/extraction/transportation of raw materials/disposing of waste etc. mineral extraction could be made more sustainable because: • there are large deposits of a variety of minerals in Pakistan so they can select which ones to use; • can enforce strict environmental guidelines and laws or examples; • increased use and availability of technology makes reserves more viable; • can return the environment to its former state after extraction; • use of renewable energy sources to exploit mineral deposits; 6 1(d) Continued mineral extraction cannot be made more sustainable because: • availability and use of technology is limited in some areas and traditional methods are still used; • profit is put before the environment; • habitats and loss of wildlife cannot be restored fully; • harmful to people e.g. vibrations from explosives/danger whilst working; • cost of extraction is high/viability may be low; • waste is harmful to the environment and may not be disposed of carefully; • environmental laws/regulations may not be enforced; • re-using and re-cycling may not be fully utilised; • causes visual, noise, land, water and air pollution; Etc.

1 Study Fig. 1.1, a map showing the natural topography of southern and western Pakistan. Key land height in metres 3000+ 1000–2999 500–999 0–499 international boundary river city N 0 100 200 300 km Arabian Sea IRAN AFGHANISTAN INDIA Quetta Quetta Peshawar Peshawar River Indus River Indus River Zhob River Zhob S u l a i m a n R a n g e S u l a i m a n R a n g e V W X Fig. 1.1 (a) For the landforms labelled V, W and X on Fig. 1.1, circle the correct answer below: (i) V Balochistan Plateau Potwar Plateau Salt Range [1] (ii) W Balochistan Plateau Potwar Plateau Salt Range [1] (iii) X Balochistan Plateau Potwar Plateau Salt Range [1] (iv) Using Fig. 1.1 only, describe the location of the Sulaiman Range. … … … … … … [3] (b) (i) Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert), a photograph of the Salt Range. Using Fig. 1.2 only, describe two features of the Salt Range. … … … … [2] (ii) Name two minerals that can be obtained from the Salt Range and suggest one use for each. mineral 1 … use … mineral 2 … use … [4] (c) (i) Explain two ways in which the natural topography of the Salt Range makes mineral exploitation difficult. You should develop your answer. 1 … … … … 2 … … … … [4] (ii) Describe three environmental problems caused by mineral extraction. 1 … … 2 … … 3 … … [3] (d) Evaluate the benefits and problems of further developing the mineral extraction industry in Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [6] [Total: 25]

1(a)(i) Study Fig. 1.1, a map showing the natural topography of southern and western Pakistan. For the landforms labelled V, W and X on Fig. 1.1, circle the correct answer below. V V = Potwar Plateau 1 @ 1 mark 1 1(a)(ii) W W = Salt Range 1 @ 1 mark 1 1(a)(iii) X X = Balochistan Plateau 1 @ 1 mark 1 1(a)(iv) Using Fig. 1.1 only, describe the location of the Sulaiman Range. • east of Quetta; • south/south-west of Peshawar; • west of river Indus; • south/south-east of/near to river Zhob; • near to confluence of rivers Indus and Zhob/between the two rivers; • south-east of Afghanistan/north-east of Iran/north-west of India; • in centre of Pakistan/inland/far away from international border/Arabian Sea/coast; • any appropriate distance from/to a named feature measured from the scale e.g. Quetta 220–260 km. Note: only references to places/features which are named on the map are credited. 3 @ 1 mark 3 1(b)(i) Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert), a photograph of the Salt Range. Using Fig. 1.2 only, describe two features of the Salt Range. • badland topography/dissected/rugged; • steep slopes/high land/mountainous/hilly; • sharp peak/peaks; • ridge/ravine/gullies/rills; • sparse vegetation/greenery/shrubs/scrub/bushes; • bare rock/rocky/gravel/barren/small rocks/scree/sandy/stony; • red/orange/brown rocks; • rocks in layers; • dry/arid. 2 @ 1 mark 2 1(b)(ii) Name two minerals that can be obtained from the Salt Range and suggest one use for each. • mineral: salt/halite • use: for cooking/preserving/foods/soda/bicarbonate of soda/caustic soda/soda for laundry/textiles/tanning/bath salts/cosmetics/ (decorative) lamps. • mineral: gypsum/anhydrite. • use: cement/concrete/paints/fertilisers/plaster boards/plaster of Paris/spread on saline soil in farming. • mineral: limestone • use: cement/concrete/buildings/iron and steel extraction/bleaching powder/glass/soap/paper/paints/lime/treats sugar cane waste to produce alcohol fuel/painted on bark of trees to control pests and termites/aerate soil/treat salinity/acidity/as fertiliser. • mineral: coal • use: in brick kilns/to make coke/coal briquettes/in power generation/ cement production/medicines/tars/(home and commercial) heating. • mineral: bauxite • use: to produce aluminium/utensils/tins/cans/furnace linings/abrasives. Note: to be awarded use mark a correct use must be given for a correctly named mineral. 4 @ 1 mark 4 1(c)(i) Explain two ways in which the natural topography of the Salt Range makes mineral exploitation difficult. You should develop your answer. • steep slopes/mountainous/rugged/uneven ground – so it is difficult to get (large) machinery into the area/can be landslides due to drilling/explosives; • deep ravines – inaccessible as difficult to build roads to where minerals are found; • loose rocks/rock falls/landslides – dangerous working conditions/risk of accidents; • badland topography – more expensive to reach the minerals/ expensive to build roads; • barren land – difficult to construct roads; Etc. Note: Any identified idea must link to a feature of topography. Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development. Note: Max. 2 marks if no development. 2 @ 2 marks 4 1(c)(ii) Describe three environmental problems caused by mineral extraction. • vegetation cut down/deforestation as land is cleared for mining; • soil erosion by exposure of soils to rains as land is cleared; • habitats/ecosystem lost due to clearance of land; • mining waste produces land pollution; • water supplies polluted from mineral waste/chemicals from mining processes seep into groundwater and rivers/sea; • air pollution from machinery/explosives/dust and smoke; • noise pollution from machinery/extraction processes e.g. blasting; • scarred landscape/deformed landscape from pits, tips, spoil heaps; • subsidence due to collapse of underground tunnels; • landslides due to explosions; • depressions/deep holes which fill with rainwater. 3 @ 1 mark 3 1(d) Evaluate the benefits and problems of further developing the mineral extraction industry in Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. Levels marking No valid response 0 Level 1 1–2 Simple point referring to one view (1) Simple points referring to any view (2) Level 2 3–4 Developed point referring to one view (3) Developed points referring to both views (4) Level 3 5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5) Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6) Content Guide Answers are likely to refer to: benefits: • loans for equipment/hiring experts from abroad with technical expertise; • sustainable mining techniques reduce environmental damage/allow safe disposal of waste; • provides employment opportunities in remote rural regions; • large mineral reserves - extraction allows long-term development; • wages in mining often higher than in farming etc; • transport and power infrastructure developed in remote areas • encourages growth in industries using the minerals e.g. steel industry near coal and iron ore; • improves the balance of payments/reduces imports and increases exports; • producing more minerals means more income and increased GDP; • more industrial development brings jobs, means increase in tax revenue for Pakistan can be spent on education/health; Etc. 6 1(d) examples include: In 2014, the Chinese company MCC took over the operation of Duddar lead/zinc mine in Balochistan. Production increased rapidly as MCC brought in experts and modern mining machinery. Since 1980, US$236 million has been invested in Duddar: US$101 million by MCC. MCC invested in local education, health and water supplies. problems: • environmental damage can be irreversible; • better to develop other sectors of the economy e.g. agriculture to fulfil the demand from an increasing population; • jobs may be low paid and dangerous; • the financial cost of exploitation may not be fully recovered from the sale/use of the raw materials; • cost of levelling the land after mining activity to avoid land deformation; • cost of treatment of mining waste and fumes; • cost of technology/machines/experts to make the industry competitive; • some minerals are technically challenging/expensive to extract e.g. deep underground mining; • limited pool of workers with skill to operate advanced mining technology; • some minerals are low quality/may not be worth extracting - if the iron content of iron ore is less than 60%, it is not suitable for high-quality steel production e.g. coal from the Thar coalfield contains too many sulphur and lime impurities to be used in power stations; • cost of transporting minerals out/bringing workers in may discourage mineral extraction in remote areas e.g. deserts, mountain regions; • oil pipelines are expensive to build/maintain Etc. examples include: Under Thario Halepoto village in the Thar Desert lie 1.5 billion tonnes of coal but exploitation will mean villagers lose their homes and grazing lands, the destruction of desert trees and ecology, and pollution of underground water that they rely on for drinking

2 (a) (i) Study Fig. 2.1 showing a blank divided bar graph. 0 10 20 30 40 50 % 60 70 80 90 100 Key surface water source % glacial melt rainfall snowmelt 45 30 25 Fig. 2.1 Complete Fig. 2.1 to show the percentage share of each source of surface water in Pakistan. Use the information in the key. [5] (ii) State three ways water is obtained for domestic purposes in Pakistan. 1 … 2 … 3 … [3] (b) (i) Explain how water is used in two different secondary industries in Pakistan. You should develop your answer. 1 … … … … 2 … … … … [4] (ii) Define ‘irrigation’. … … [1] (iii) Name and describe one type of conventional irrigation system used in Pakistan. … … … … [2] (c) Outline two advantages and two disadvantages of using irrigation on small-scale subsistence farms. advantages disadvantages 1 1 2 2 [4] (d) The United Nations has predicted that Pakistan may become a ‘water scarce’ country by 2025. To what extent can effective management of its water supply help Pakistan to avoid becoming a ‘water scarce’ country in the future? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [6] [Total: 25]

2(a)(i) Study Fig. 2.1, showing a blank divided bar graph. Complete Fig. 2.1 to show the percentage share of each source of surface water in Pakistan. Use the information in the key. • each correct division showing percentage share of each source of surface water = 1 mark – max 2 marks; • each correct labelling or shading of each source of surface water = 1 mark – max 3 marks. Note: Any order accepted. 5 @ 1 mark 5 2(a)(ii) State three ways water is obtained for domestic purposes in Pakistan. • directly from rivers/glaciers/lakes/pond; • from wells/groundwater/from aquifers; • via pipelines/water tankers/from reservoirs/taps; • collecting rainwater (in tanks on the roof); • using desalination. 3 @ 1 mark 3 2(b)(i) Explain how water is used in two different secondary industries in Pakistan. You should develop your answer. • thermal power stations; to produce steam to move the turbines; • mineral water industry; for bottling water this is the only input; • iron and steel industry; to cool the furnace; • HEP stations; pressure of water from a height or steep slope to move the turbines; • pharmaceutical industry; in the manufacture of drips, syrups, injections etc; • tanning industry; for washing/dyeing etc; • food processing/beverages; for preparing juices/squashes/syrups/beverages etc; • chemical industry; for manufacturing acids/bleach/other solutions etc; • textile industry; for washing/bleaching/ blueing/dyeing/printing etc; • cement industry; Etc. Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development. Note: Max. 2 marks if no development. 2 @ 2 marks 4 2(b)(ii) Define ‘irrigation’. It is the artificial supply of water to the land. 1 @ 1 mark 1 2(b)(iii) Name and describe one type of conventional irrigation system used in Pakistan. • shaduf; water is drawn from a well, river or canal by a bucket. • charsa; animal power is used to pull water from the well. • Persian wheel; powered by a bullock which turns a wheel with a series of pots attached to raise the water from well and tip it into the channels that lead to the field. • karez; horizontal underground canal in the foothills and brings the underground water to the surface where it can be used. • inundation canals; long canals taken off rivers. They fill when the river is high enough and when it is in flood. • diversion canal; a narrow version of an inundation canal and are often used in steep areas so that they can take water to small terraced fields. • tank irrigation; mud banks are constructed across small streams to make a small reservoir to collect water in the rainy season. Note: One mark for named technique and one mark for description. 2 @ 1 mark 2 2(c) Outline two advantages and two disadvantages of using irrigation on small-scale subsistence farms. Advantages: • can produce higher yields; • extends farming seasons/can cultivate all year round; • more land used for cultivation/can cultivate marginal land; • can control the amount of water used; • can grow a wider range of crops; • can use over a wide area; • saves time; • more reliable than rainfall; • can be cheap to install e.g. Persian wheel; Etc. Disadvantages: • cost of installation/maintenance; • difficult to build; • inundation canals only flow during rainy periods or when glacial/snow melt enters the rivers; • waterlogging of soil; • can increase salinity of soil; • can cause siltation of barrages; • unlined canals lead to seepage; Etc. Note: advantages = max 2 marks, disadvantages = max 2 marks 4 @ 1 mark 4 2(d) The United Nations has predicted that Pakistan may become a ‘water scarce’ country by 2025. To what extent can effective management of its water supply help Pakistan to avoid becoming a ‘water scarce’ country in the future? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. Levels marking No valid response 0 Level 1 1–2 Simple point referring to one view (1) Simple points referring to any view (2) Level 2 3–4 Developed point referring to one view (3) Developed points referring to both views (4) Level 3 5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5) Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6) Content Guide Answers are likely to refer to: Effective management of the water supply may help because: • Pakistan has enough water but it is not evenly spread throughout the country; • much water is lost through existing irrigation systems using traditional methods; • water is polluted through industrial and domestic waste/limited environmental regulation; • Pakistan needs to educate the people further about conserving water/reusing grey water; Etc. Effective management of the water supply may not help because: • population growth is leading to water scarcity and this should be tackled first; • Pakistan is suffering the consequences of climate change and this is an international issue that requires multi-national agreements; • the Indus Water Treaty causes many issues and needs to be updated; Etc. 6

1 (a) Study Fig. 1.1, an outline map of Pakistan. Arabian Sea Key: international boundary province-level boundary disputed boundary river JAMMU AND KASHMIR disputed territory N 0 100 200 km 300 Y Z Fig. 1.1 (i) Label on Fig. 1.1 the province-level areas in the correct locations using the letters from the list below. letter province-level area A Balochistan B FATA C Northern Areas/Gilgit-Baltistan D Kyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) E Punjab F Sindh [3] (ii) Name the cities Y and Z. Y … Z … [2] (b) (i) Describe the characteristics of a floodplain. … … … … … … [3] (ii) State two ways that land on a floodplain is used. 1 … 2 … [2] (c) (i) Complete the passage below about monsoon rainfall in Pakistan. Choose the correct words from the list and place them in the spaces provided. Monsoon … blow towards the heart of the … in … . They blow towards the sea in … . autumn continent ocean spring summer winds winter [2] (ii) Describe the causes of the south west monsoon. … … … … … … [3] (iii) Explain two impacts of a heavy monsoon. You should develop your answer. … … … … … … … … [4] (d) Rivers are an important resource for human settlement and economic activity, but flooding is an increasing problem which can hinder development. Read the following two views about ways to manage flooding in Pakistan: B Flooding brings benefits so rivers should be allowed to flood naturally. A More flood management schemes are needed along rivers to prevent floods. Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [6] [Total: 25]

1(a)(i) 3 @ 1 mark 3 1(a)(ii) Y = Multan Z = Hyderabad 2 @ 1 mark 2 1(b)(i) • Flat / gentle slope / gentle valley side / doab; • Wide; • Boggy / marshy / water meadows / waterlogged; • Fertile / rich soil or minerals / alluvial terraces / alluvium / silt / gravel; • Levees; • Oxbow lakes / meanders / braiding. 3 @ 1 mark 3 1(b)(ii) • Farming / farmer’s fields / growing crops / agriculture / cultivation; • (Cattle) grazing / rearing buffalo; • Fish farms / fish breeding / aquaculture; • Industry; • Transport or examples, e.g. roads / railways; • Settlement / building / housing / homes; • Irrigation / canals / drainage ditches. 2 @ 1 mark 2 1(c)(i) Monsoon winds blow towards the heart of the continent in summer. They blow towards the sea in winter. 3 or 4 @ 2 marks 1 or 2 @ 1 mark 2 A F E B D C 1(c)(ii) • Coming from sea / Arabian Sea / Bay of Bengal; • Sun heats up in (tropical) continents (land) faster or more quickly than the surrounding oceans (water); • Warm air rises; • Low pressure; • Attracts cool, moist air from the sea; • Rain bearing winds push further inland causing (heavy) rain / brings (heavy) rain. 3 @ 1 mark 3 1(c)(iii) • Floods (any idea from below for development); • Heavy rain; causes poor visibility and accidents (dev); • Roads become rivers; cannot travel to work or school / towns and cities cut off (dev); • Flights cancelled; negative impact on trade / tourism / business (dev); • Crops destroyed; which causes food shortages / can lead to famine (dev); • Water level in reservoirs or dams rises; leading to more water for irrigation / domestic / industrial use / no water shortages / HEP (dev); • Businesses / markets are closed; leading to loss of income / produce / jobs disrupted (dev); • Homes washed away / flooded / buildings destroyed; loss of possessions / people are homeless (dev); • People are injured / killed; pressure on healthcare services / impact on mental health / impacts on business and economy (dev); • Stagnant water; causes diseases (dev); • Waterlogging: impacts on the economy as Pakistan is an agriculturally based country (dev); • Brings rainfall to desert areas; desert blooms (dev); • Replenishes groundwater; reduces water shortages (dev); Etc. Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development (in parentheses). Note: Max. 2 marks if no development. 2 @ 2 marks 4 1(d) Levels marking No valid response 0 Level 1 1–2 Simple point referring to any view (1) Simple points referring to any view (2) Level 2 3–4 Developed point referring to one view only (3) Developed points referring to both views (4) Level 3 5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5) Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6) Content Guide Answers are likely to refer to: Building more flood management schemes • So many people are affected; • Many people killed / injured; • Homes / farms / businesses destroyed; • Cost of clear up and losses on economy; • Floods hinder development as constantly having to rebuild / replace infrastructure; • Loss of days at school affects literacy rates / skills base; • Loss of days at work has an impact on revenue and tax collected; • Tax changes to cover cost of damage; Etc. Allowing rivers to flood naturally • Rivers provide nutrients to soil, so good for farming; • Should not build on flood plain; • Cost of management / flood protection is high; • Flood management needs to be maintained and updated, incurring ongoing costs; • Money is better spent on developing infrastructure, e.g. services, transport and industry; • Flood plains can be used for fish farming; • Flood plains can be used to channel water for irrigation; Etc. 6

1 (a) Study Fig. 1.1, an outline map of Pakistan. Arabian Sea 0 100 200 km 300 N JAMMU AND KASHMIR disputed territory Key: international boundary province-level boundary disputed boundary Fig. 1.1 (i) On the map name the following landforms in the boxes provided: Balochistan Plateau; Himalayan Ranges; Karakoram Range; Salt Range. [4] (ii) Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert). Identify the mountain feature labelled A in the photograph. A … [1] (b) (i) Define the term ‘topography’. … … [1] (ii) Describe the natural topography of the northern regions. … … … … … … [3] (c) (i) State two reasons why deforestation has occurred in the Northern Mountains. 1 … … 2 … … [2] (ii) Explain two impacts of deforestation in the Northern Mountains on the natural environment. You should develop your answer. … … … … … … … … [4] (iii) Describe the importance of the Northern Mountains to Pakistan. … … … … … … … … [4] (d) Reducing the impacts of deforestation is more achievable in the northern regions than in other areas of Pakistan. To what extent can the problems caused by deforestation in the northern regions of Pakistan be solved? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [6] [Total: 25]

1(a)(i) 4 @ 1 mark 4 1(a)(ii) • peak • horn • summit • arêtes 1 @ 1 mark 1 1(b)(i) (The study or description of) features of the landscape, (which includes both natural and artificial features) / natural characteristics of land / structural features of landscape. 1 @ 1 mark 1 1(b)(ii) • V shaped valleys / deep valleys / narrow valleys / gorges; • U shaped valleys; • Cirque / corrie / arête; • High altitude (6000 m+) / snow-capped or high peaks / hilly / mountainous; • Steep slopes / uneven / rugged; • Scree; • Bare rocks / rocky / barren; • Snowfields / glaciers; • Parallel ranges; • High passes (Khunjerab / Shandur / Lawarai); • Rivers / streams / rapids / waterfalls. 3 @ 1 mark 3 Salt Range Balochistan Plateau Himalayan Ranges Karakoram Range 1(c)(i) • Road / rail building; • Demand for firewood / fuel; • To graze / feed livestock; • Build houses / settlements / hotels; • Industry / furniture / timber / paper; • Develop hydel power / power stations / building reservoirs. 2 @ 1 mark 2 1(c)(ii) • Soil erosion; due to minerals being leached (washed) through the soil / soil blown away / soil washed away downhill (dev); • Increased number of landslides; because no roots to hold the soil together / in place / rain saturates soil and washes it downslope (dev); • Habitats lost; means species are endangered / at risk of extinction / land barren (dev); • Ecosystems destroyed; food-chains are broken / disrupted / animals forced to move to other areas / animals or species die (dev); • Soil washed into rivers; raises the water level of rivers / causes more flooding / causes siltation (dev); • No trees to stop flow of water or run off; leads to flooding / increased run off (dev); • Patches of salt left behind; leads to infertile land (dev); • Evaporation reduced; changes to rainfall pattern (dev); Etc. Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development (in parentheses). Note: Max. 2 marks if no development. 2 @ 2 marks 4 1(c)(iii) • Snow-capped peaks melt during summer to drain water into rivers; • Provides water from high rainfall; • Provides water for hydel power / energy; • River water used for irrigation / agriculture; • Historical passes connect Pakistan to China and Afghanistan; • A natural border (to China and the Central Asian Republics); • Provides a land /trade route through Karakoram Highway; • Source of valuable minerals, timber and fruits; • Provides raw material to several industries or examples: furniture / paper / chipboard / industry / chemical industry; • Mountain peaks provide protection to Pakistan against the cold winds from Central Asia; • Scenic beauty promotes tourism / named landmarks, e.g. K2; • Provision of National Parks or named examples, e.g. Chitral National Park / wildlife preservation; • Source of income from tourism / tourists / contribute to economy. 4 @ 1 mark 4 1(d) Levels marking No valid response 0 Level 1 1–2 Simple point referring to one view (1) Simple points referring to any view (2) Level 2 3–4 Developed point referring to one view (3) Developed points referring to both views (4) Level 3 5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5) Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6) Content Guide Answers are likely to refer to: Ways of reducing impact of deforestation • Soil can be more readily protected from erosion in the Northern areas than other areas due to the wetter climate / afforestation on steeper slopes / hedgerows planted / strip cultivation / contour ploughing / terracing on steep slopes; • Supplying irrigation facilities to the deforested areas; • Planting commercial species of trees which grow rapidly; • Reserving land for fuel wood plantation only, saving valuable species of trees; • Education amongst the people about the importance of trees; • Creation of non-governmental agencies to promote afforestation and campaign against deforestation; • Supply natural gas to Northern Regions to ease the pressure on trees for fuelwood; • Improved techniques of raising nurseries and planting trees so deforested areas can be regenerated in a shorter time; • Ensuring that forestry and forest management is more sustainable, e.g. use of selective logging / restricting use of bulldozers / strict enforcement of forest laws / enforcement of village / farm forestry programmes / urban forestry programmes; • Planting fruit trees on the slopes of hills to provide food for the local people; Etc. Acceptable alternative approaches include: arguing that the impacts can be reduced in other areas more easily due to greater accessibility and availability of named resources, etc. 6

Cambridge O Level Pakistan Studies · 2059

O-Level Pakistan Studies (2059) Natural resources - an issue of sustainability past paper questions

Revise O-Level Pakistan Studies (2059) — Natural resources - an issue of sustainability with real Cambridge past-paper questions grouped by topic, each shown with its marking scheme. Working one topic at a time targets exactly the skill each question tests.

11 free questions from 2017–2021, each with its marking scheme. Open the full topical bank to filter by subtopic, paper, and year.

Natural resources - an issue of sustainability in O-Level Pakistan Studies 2059 exams, 2020–2025

Across 2020–2025, Natural resources - an issue of sustainability accounted for 12 questions worth 300 marks in Cambridge O Level Pakistan Studies (2059) papers.