2 (a) (i) Study Fig. 2.1 showing a blank divided bar graph. 0 10 20 30 40 50 % 60 70 80 90 100 Key surface water source % glacial melt rainfall snowmelt 45 30 25 Fig. 2.1 Complete Fig. 2.1 to show the percentage share of each source of surface water in Pakistan. Use the information in the key. [5] (ii) State three ways water is obtained for domestic purposes in Pakistan. 1 … 2 … 3 … [3] (b) (i) Explain how water is used in two different secondary industries in Pakistan. You should develop your answer. 1 … … … … 2 … … … … [4] (ii) Define ‘irrigation’. … … [1] (iii) Name and describe one type of conventional irrigation system used in Pakistan. … … … … [2] (c) Outline two advantages and two disadvantages of using irrigation on small-scale subsistence farms. advantages disadvantages 1 1 2 2 [4] (d) The United Nations has predicted that Pakistan may become a ‘water scarce’ country by 2025. To what extent can effective management of its water supply help Pakistan to avoid becoming a ‘water scarce’ country in the future? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [6] [Total: 25]

2(a)(i) Study Fig. 2.1, showing a blank divided bar graph. Complete Fig. 2.1 to show the percentage share of each source of surface water in Pakistan. Use the information in the key. • each correct division showing percentage share of each source of surface water = 1 mark – max 2 marks; • each correct labelling or shading of each source of surface water = 1 mark – max 3 marks. Note: Any order accepted. 5 @ 1 mark 5 2(a)(ii) State three ways water is obtained for domestic purposes in Pakistan. • directly from rivers/glaciers/lakes/pond; • from wells/groundwater/from aquifers; • via pipelines/water tankers/from reservoirs/taps; • collecting rainwater (in tanks on the roof); • using desalination. 3 @ 1 mark 3 2(b)(i) Explain how water is used in two different secondary industries in Pakistan. You should develop your answer. • thermal power stations; to produce steam to move the turbines; • mineral water industry; for bottling water this is the only input; • iron and steel industry; to cool the furnace; • HEP stations; pressure of water from a height or steep slope to move the turbines; • pharmaceutical industry; in the manufacture of drips, syrups, injections etc; • tanning industry; for washing/dyeing etc; • food processing/beverages; for preparing juices/squashes/syrups/beverages etc; • chemical industry; for manufacturing acids/bleach/other solutions etc; • textile industry; for washing/bleaching/ blueing/dyeing/printing etc; • cement industry; Etc. Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development. Note: Max. 2 marks if no development. 2 @ 2 marks 4 2(b)(ii) Define ‘irrigation’. It is the artificial supply of water to the land. 1 @ 1 mark 1 2(b)(iii) Name and describe one type of conventional irrigation system used in Pakistan. • shaduf; water is drawn from a well, river or canal by a bucket. • charsa; animal power is used to pull water from the well. • Persian wheel; powered by a bullock which turns a wheel with a series of pots attached to raise the water from well and tip it into the channels that lead to the field. • karez; horizontal underground canal in the foothills and brings the underground water to the surface where it can be used. • inundation canals; long canals taken off rivers. They fill when the river is high enough and when it is in flood. • diversion canal; a narrow version of an inundation canal and are often used in steep areas so that they can take water to small terraced fields. • tank irrigation; mud banks are constructed across small streams to make a small reservoir to collect water in the rainy season. Note: One mark for named technique and one mark for description. 2 @ 1 mark 2 2(c) Outline two advantages and two disadvantages of using irrigation on small-scale subsistence farms. Advantages: • can produce higher yields; • extends farming seasons/can cultivate all year round; • more land used for cultivation/can cultivate marginal land; • can control the amount of water used; • can grow a wider range of crops; • can use over a wide area; • saves time; • more reliable than rainfall; • can be cheap to install e.g. Persian wheel; Etc. Disadvantages: • cost of installation/maintenance; • difficult to build; • inundation canals only flow during rainy periods or when glacial/snow melt enters the rivers; • waterlogging of soil; • can increase salinity of soil; • can cause siltation of barrages; • unlined canals lead to seepage; Etc. Note: advantages = max 2 marks, disadvantages = max 2 marks 4 @ 1 mark 4 2(d) The United Nations has predicted that Pakistan may become a ‘water scarce’ country by 2025. To what extent can effective management of its water supply help Pakistan to avoid becoming a ‘water scarce’ country in the future? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. Levels marking No valid response 0 Level 1 1–2 Simple point referring to one view (1) Simple points referring to any view (2) Level 2 3–4 Developed point referring to one view (3) Developed points referring to both views (4) Level 3 5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5) Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6) Content Guide Answers are likely to refer to: Effective management of the water supply may help because: • Pakistan has enough water but it is not evenly spread throughout the country; • much water is lost through existing irrigation systems using traditional methods; • water is polluted through industrial and domestic waste/limited environmental regulation; • Pakistan needs to educate the people further about conserving water/reusing grey water; Etc. Effective management of the water supply may not help because: • population growth is leading to water scarcity and this should be tackled first; • Pakistan is suffering the consequences of climate change and this is an international issue that requires multi-national agreements; • the Indus Water Treaty causes many issues and needs to be updated; Etc. 6

3 (a) (i) Study Fig. 3.1, a map showing wheat-growing areas in southern Pakistan. 0 100 200 km 300 N Arabian Sea Arabian Sea 72°E 68°E 64°E 76°E 32°N 28°N 24°N 32°N 28°N 24°N 72°E 68°E 64°E 76°E AFGHANISTAN IRAN INDIA Key international boundary main wheat-growing areas secondary minor Fig. 3.1 Using Fig. 3.1 only, describe the distribution of the main wheat-growing area. … … … … … … [3] (ii) State two uses of wheat in Pakistan. 1 … 2 … [2] (b) (i) Study Fig. 3.2, a climate graph showing rainfall and temperature for Multan. 0 10 20 30 40 temperature (°C) rainfall (mm) 0 20 40 60 80 J F M A M J month J A S O N D Fig. 3.2 Complete Fig. 3.2 using the information below. month temperature (°C) June 36 [2] (ii) Complete the passage below about conditions required for growing wheat. Choose the correct words from the list and place them in the spaces provided. 50 90 dry heavy light rainfall sunshine wet 5–10 °C 15 °C 25–30 °C 35 °C Wheat is sown during the … season from October to December when … is low and the average temperature is … . Wheat needs at least … days to grow with a mild temperature of 10–20 °C. A warmer temperature of … is needed for ripening to take place. … rain is also needed just before the harvest to swell the grain and ensure a high yield. [3] (iii) Describe the methods used to cultivate wheat on a small-scale subsistence farm. … … … … … … … … [4] (c) (i) What type of crop is wheat? Circle one of the following: kharif rabi zaid [1] (ii) Explain how two human factors can increase the production of wheat under the cash crop farming system. You should develop your answer. 1 … … … … 2 … … … … [4] (d) Wheat contributes around 2 per cent to Pakistan’s GDP with 80 per cent of farmers growing wheat on approximately 40 per cent of Pakistan’s total cultivated land. Assess the extent to which the large amount of land currently used to grow wheat should be used to grow other higher-value crops. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [6] [Total: 25]

3(a)(i) Study Fig. 3.1, a map showing wheat-growing areas in southern Pakistan. Using Fig. 3.1 only describe the distribution of the main wheat growing area. • not evenly spread throughout Pakistan; • most on the eastern side of Pakistan/on or near to the border with India; • lots in the east/less in west; • reference to latitude/longitude; Etc. 3 @ 1 mark 3 3(a)(ii) State two uses of wheat in Pakistan. • as a staple food; • flour; • manufacture of bread/roti/chapati; • in a variety of other baked products; • (low grade used as) feed for livestock; Etc. 2 @ 1 mark 2 3(b)(i) Study Fig. 3.2, a climate graph showing rainfall and temperature for Multan. Complete Fig. 3.2 using the information below. • accurate location of the point 36 °C = 1 mark; • line joined up accurately = 1 mark. 2 @ 1 mark 2 3(b)(ii) Complete the passage below about the conditions required for growing wheat. Choose the correct words from the list and place them in the spaces provided. Wheat is sown during the dry season from October to December when rainfall is low and the average temperature is 15 °C. Wheat needs at least 90 days to grow with a mild temperature of 10-20oC. A warmer temperature of 25–30 °C is needed for ripening to take place. Light rain is also needed just before the harvest to swell the grain and ensure a high yield. 5 or 6 correct = 3 marks 3 or 4 correct = 2 marks 1 or 2 correct = 1 mark 0 marks if the same word entered more than twice/throughout and this is the only correct answer. 3 @ 1 mark 3 3(b)(iii) Describe the methods used to cultivate wheat on a small-scale subsistence farm. • land is ploughed with a traditional wooden plough and bullocks/draught power; • well irrigation is used e.g. charsa/Persian wheel or rainwater is used. • sowing/harvesting/examples done by hand/work done by hand/family/no machinery used; • grain is separated from the chaff using animal power; • cow dung used as manure; • desi seeds are used; Etc. 4 @ 1 mark 4 3(c)(i) What type of crop is wheat? Circle one of the following: kharif/rabi/zaid rabi 1 @ 1 mark 1 3(c)(ii) Explain how two human factors can increase the production of wheat under the cash crop farming system. You should develop your answer. • loans/more money invested; from the government to buy machinery or named examples; • machinery is required; as areas of land are too large to cultivate by hand; • HYV’s can be used; the yield per hectare is approximately twice that of local or desi varieties; • chemical fertilisers are used; to speed the growth so that two crops can be cultivated per year; • pesticides are used; to prevent crops being ruined by pests/locusts or named examples; • irrigation installed; e.g. replacing traditional methods with new modern methods such as sprinkler systems or tubewells; • land reforms; fields are larger so can use machinery; Etc. Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development. Note: Max. 2 marks if no development. 2 @ 2 marks 4 3(d) Wheat contributes around 2 per cent to Pakistan’s GDP with 80 per cent of farmers growing wheat on approximately 40 per cent of Pakistan’s total cultivated land. Assess the extent to which the large amount of land currently used to grow wheat should be used to grow other high value crops. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. Levels marking No valid response 0 Level 1 1–2 Simple point referring to one view (1) Simple points referring to any view (2) Level 2 3–4 Developed point referring to one view (3) Developed points referring to both views (4) Level 3 5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5) Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6) Content Guide Answers are likely to refer to: Agree because: • wheat does not contribute very much to the economy but almost half of the cultivated land area is used for wheat; • still need to import wheat as unable to meet current demand; • environmental factors affect the production of wheat so in some years production is low; • high value crops will earn more money for the economy/increase GDP; • would have to import less high value crops; Etc. Disagree because: • land reforms have not always been effective in some parts of Pakistan; • much of the land is used by small scale subsistence farmers which limits what the land can be used for; • high value crops such as cotton require more water which Pakistan is short of; • costly to grow more high value crops; • additional education and training needed to grow more high value crops; • some farmers reluctant to grow different crops/traditional methods v modern methods; • may contribute to food shortages/wheat is a staple; • high value crops may not be food e.g. could be palm oil etc; • growing more high value crops may benefit big organisations over individual farmers; Etc. 6

3 (a) Study Fig. 3.1, a map showing the percentage of land under cultivation in southern and western Pakistan. JAMMU and KASHMIR disputed territory N 0 100 200 300 km Arabian Sea Key international boundary AFGHANISTAN INDIA IRAN cultivated land (as a percentage of total area) over 50% 36–50% 6–35% 0–5% Fig. 3.1 (i) Using Fig. 3.1 only, describe the distribution of areas with over 50% of land under cultivation. … … … … … … [3] (ii) Define ‘cultivation’. … … [1] (b) Study Fig. 3.2, a pie graph showing the percentage share by value of each of the main crops grown in Pakistan. 0% 50 10 90 20 80 30 70 40 60 Key wheat cotton rice sugar cane maize oilseeds, tobacco and others Fig. 3.2 (i) Complete Fig. 3.2 to show the percentage share by value of cotton and rice. Use the information below and the key. crop percentage (%) cotton 25 rice 15 [2] (ii) State two reasons why wheat is the main crop grown in Pakistan. 1 … … 2 … … [2] (c) (i) Complete the passage about growing rice in Pakistan. Choose the correct words from the list and place them in the spaces provided. Balochistan commercial large northern Sindh southern subsistence terraced Rice is normally grown on a … scale for … purposes in Punjab and … . Small-scale … farming is practised in the … regions where rice is grown on … fields. [3] (ii) Describe the processes involved in the growing of rice. … … … … … … … … [4] (iii) Explain how two natural factors affect rice production. You should develop your answer. 1 … … … … 2 … … … … [4] (d) To what extent are climatic challenges the biggest threat to Pakistan increasing its agricultural production? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [6] [Total: 25]

3(a)(i) Study Fig. 3.1, a map showing the percentage of land under cultivation in southern and western Pakistan. Using Fig. 3.1 only, describe the distribution of areas with over 50% of land under cultivation. • uneven distribution; • in three areas; • mostly in north-east; • small amount in south-east/centre; • predominantly in the east/none in the west/ close to Afghanistan/Iran; • inland/none on the coast/not close to Arabian Sea; • largest area close to India; Note: only credit references to places/features which are named on the map. 3 @ 1 mark 3 3(a)(ii) Define ‘cultivation’. To prepare land and grow crops on it. 1 @ 1 mark 1 3(b)(i) Study Fig. 3.2, a pie graph showing the percentage share by value of each of the main crops grown in Pakistan. Complete Fig. 3.2 to show the percentage share by value of cotton and rice. Use the information below and the key. • accurate drawing of line at either 75% or 85% (1) • correct shading (diagonal) to match the key (1) 2 @ 1 mark 2 3(b)(ii) State two reasons why wheat is the main crop grown in Pakistan. • it has many uses/bread/roti/variety of baked products; • it is a staple food/main part of (local) diet; • low grades of wheat and by-products used for animal feed; • rise in local demand due to increasing population; • use of subsidies to encourage farmers to grow wheat; • suitable climate/weather/temperature/soils/relief; • short/fast/90–120 day growing season; • requires less water/irrigation/rain than other crops; 2 @ 1 mark 2 3(c)(i) Complete the passage below about growing rice in Pakistan. Choose the correct words from the list and place them in the spaces provided. Rice is normally grown on a large scale for commercial purposes in Punjab and Sindh. Small-scale subsistence farming is practiced in the Northern regions where rice is grown on terraced fields. 3 @ 1 mark 5 or 6 correct = 3 marks 3 or 4 correct = 2 marks 1 or 2 correct = 1 mark 0 marks if the same word entered more than twice/throughout and this is the only correct answer. 3 3(c)(ii) Describe the processes involved in the growing of rice. • rice seeds are sown/grown/planted in beds/nurseries; • bunds and terraces are repaired to ensure water stays in the field; • fields are prepared by ploughing/weeding; • fields are flooded (to a depth of 37 cm/14–15 inches); • water is diverted from rivers or irrigation canals; • when the plant is big enough/23 cm/9 inches it is planted in the fields; • fertiliser/manure is added, giving plants more nutrients for better growth; • the fields are kept full of water/flooded until the rice is ripe; • the water is drained off (by making holes in the bunds). Note: Max. 1 mark for list, some relevant description must be provided. 4 @ 1 mark 4 3(c)(iii) Explain how two natural factors affect rice production. You should develop your answer. • temperature; mean temperature of 20-30 oC /warm/hot temperatures needed/cold temperatures would harm the crop/dry period/warm/sunny period needed for harvesting; • rainfall; high/heavy/plenty of rainfall needed of at least 1270 mm/over 2000 mm is best/heavy rain can destroy the crop close to harvest time; • humidity; high during the 4–6 months growing period; leads to the best quality/highest yields of rice; • land; level/flat/plain land for flooding/ease of irrigation/to facilitate the use of machinery/easier to sow/plough/harvest; • soil; fertile/loamy/clayey/alluvium is needed/soils that do not drain quickly so the rice plants stay wet/impervious sub-soil to retain water/rice grows best in waterlogged soils; • pest attacks/diseases; can destroy the whole crop/ decrease yields especially during hot spells e.g. leaf curl virus. Etc. Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development. Note: Max. 2 marks if no development. 2 @ 2 marks 4 3(d) To what extent are climatic challenges the biggest threat to Pakistan increasing its agricultural production? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. Levels marking No valid response 0 Level 1 1–2 Simple point referring to one view (1) Simple points referring to any view (2) Level 2 3–4 Developed point referring to one view (3) Developed points referring to both views (4) Level 3 5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5) Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6) Content Guide Answers are likely to refer to: climatic challenges: • increased temperatures threaten agricultural production; reduce crop quantity and quality due to the reduced growth period e.g. wheat/maize; • increased risk/consequences of drought; • seasons are changing e.g. monsoon season coming later/earlier/ shorter/unreliable; means farmers can no longer rely on the rain; • climate change cannot be prevented; • expensive to mitigate against the impacts of climate change; • increased risk of storms/severity/ frequency impacts on harvesting; • climate change causes drier areas and the spread of locusts which eat crops; • increase in temperatures encourage the spread of leaf curl virus in cotton crops; Etc. 6 3(d) other factors: • water logging and salinity; • traditional farming techniques; manual labour is slow and inefficient; • environmental degradation/pollution; • limited investment in farming practices/machinery/seeds/training; • landownership/fragmentation; fragmentation causes farming processes to take longer and can’t be mechanised; • most farming is subsistence, which has low yields; • literacy/education levels mean farmers may lack knowledge of how to improve yields; • some traditional varieties of field crops give low yields and are not disease resistant; • traditional irrigation methods are not always reliable; • overgrazing causes soil erosion and lack of food for animals; • variable availability of veterinary care makes animals prone to disease; Etc.

4 (a) (i) Study Fig. 4.1, a map showing the areas where three different types of fruit are grown in Pakistan. This figure has been removed. It showed an outline map of Pakistan. There are several areas of shading to show where three different fruits are grown. Fruit A (date) is shown by dot shading, fruit B (mango) is shown by diagonal shading and fruit C (apricot) is shown by criss-cross shading. Fig. 4.1 Complete the key with the name of fruits A, B and C below. A B C A B C Key: [3] (ii) Using Fig. 4.1 only describe the distribution of the areas where fruit A is grown. … … … … … … [3] (iii) Using Fig. 4.1 only, state two differences between the location of the areas where fruits B and C are grown. 1 … … 2 … … [2] (b) Explain the ideal natural growing conditions needed to grow bananas in Pakistan. You should develop your answer. … … … … … … … … [4] (c) (i) Define ‘subsistence farming’. … … [1] (ii) State two human and two natural inputs for subsistence rice farming. human inputs natural inputs [4] (iii) Suggest two disadvantages of subsistence farming. 1 … … 2 … … [2] (d) Evaluate the extent to which different strategies used to increase agricultural production in Pakistan have been successful. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [6] [Total: 25]

4(a)(i) Fruit A = date Fruit B = mango Fruit C = apricot 3 @ 1 mark 3 4(a)(ii) Ideas such as: In east/central Sindh; South west Balochistan; East of river Indus etc. 3 @ 1 mark 3 4(a)(iii) Ideas such as: B is in two provinces whereas C is in one/B is in Punjab and Sindh whereas C is in Balochistan; B is further north and south than C; B is further east than C/C is further west than B; C is located over the border in another country whereas B is not; etc. 2 @ 1 mark 2 4(b) Temperature; (frost-free/humid and hot/temperature range 27–29 °C); Rainfall; (average annual rainfall 850–1050 mm required); Soil; (deep/at least 50 cm/fertile/loamy/well-drained/high water holding capacity); Sunshine; (high number of sunshine hours required). Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development (in parentheses). Note: Max 2 marks if no development. 2 @ 2 marks 4 4(c)(i) Farming for own use/to meet the needs of the family/not for sale 1 @ 1 mark 1 4(c)(ii) Human inputs Draft power; Equipment/examples; Fertiliser; Irrigation; Labour; Seeds; Natural inputs Climate/examples; Manure; Seeds; Soil type; Topography/relief; Water availability. Note: do not double credit ‘seeds’. 4 @ 1 mark 4 4(c)(iii) Ideas such as: May not grow enough food to eat/only small amounts grown; May not produce enough surplus crop to sell/earn money; Labour intensive; Reliant on the weather/crop could fail; etc. 2 @ 1 mark 2 4(d) Levels marking Level 1 (1–2 marks) Simple point referring to one view (1) Simple points referring to any view (2) Level 2 (3–4 marks) Developed point referring to one view (3) Developed points referring to both views (4) Level 3 (5–6 marks) Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5) Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6) Content Guide Answers are likely to refer to: Strategies to increase agricultural production Ways waterlogging and salinity is being overcome/improved; Irrigation systems; Mechanisation; Improved seeds/examples/HYVs; Loans for farmers; Education/training; Modernisation; etc. Strategies may not always succeed because Programmes may be restricted to specific areas/not nationwide; Climate/relief may reduce effectiveness of strategies in some areas; Many farmers use traditional methods; Some farmers cannot afford to take loans; Mechanisation may lead to unemployment; etc. 6

3 (a) (i) Study Fig. 3.1, a map showing the location of Sialkot, a place where sports goods are manufactured in Pakistan. Arabian Sea 0 100 200 km 300 N JAMMU AND KASHMIR INDIA IRAN AFGHANISTAN CHINA disputed territory Key: international boundary province-level boundary disputed boundary Multan Sialkot Islamabad Fig. 3.1 Using the information in Fig. 3.1 only, describe the location of Sialkot. … … … … … … [3] (ii) State two raw materials that the sports goods industry uses. 1 … 2 … [2] (iii) Describe how the sports goods industry operates in Pakistan. … … … … … … [3] (b) (i) Study Fig. 3.2, which shows the percentage of sugar mills in Pakistan by province. Key: Punjab 0% Sindh KPK Fig. 3.2 Complete the pie chart to show the percentage of sugar mills in Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), using the following information and the key provided: province percentage (%) Sindh 40% KPK 10% [2] (ii) State one reason why there are no sugar mills in Balochistan. … … [1] (iii) Name one by-product of the sugar industry and state what it is used for. by-product … use … … [2] (c) (i) Study Fig. 3.3 which is a diagram of the factors affecting industrial location. capital communication labour land market water transport raw material power Fig. 3.3 Choose one physical and one human factor and explain how each influences the choice of location for a steel mill. You should develop your answer. physical factor … … … … human factor … … … … [4] (ii) Classify the following products into the correct category in the table below. You need to decide if each product is mainly for the domestic market or the export market. Domestic market Export market Choose from: cement cotton fertilisers sports goods steel surgical instruments [2] (d) There is a large domestic market in Pakistan but consumers sometimes choose imported goods over home-produced goods. To what extent could demand for home-produced goods be increased? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples that you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [6] [Total: 25]

3(a)(i) • North / north eastern / eastern part of Pakistan; • Distance from named city / Multan / Islamabad; • Direction from named city / north-east of Multan / south-east of Islamabad; • Close / near to border of Jammu and Kashmir / south-west of Jammu and Kashmir; • West of India / near border with India / border city; • Direction from named country or area / east of Afghanistan / north-east of Iran / south-west of China / south-west of Jammu and Kashmir; • In the same province as Multan. 3 @ 1 mark 3 3(a)(ii) • Rubber • Wood / wood pulp • Stitching thread / cotton • Leather • Water • (Linseed) oil / varnish 2 @ 1 mark 2 3(a)(iii) • In small workshops / within household / small scale industry / in cottages / primitive conditions; • Uses predominantly manual labour / by hand / hand tools; • Processes, e.g. cutting, sewing, stitching, shaping; • The final stages are done in factories; • There are aspects of both formal and informal sectors; • Mostly work is conducted by unskilled / child labourers; • Goods are manufactured to international standards / high quality / for export; • All stages are supervised for quality control. 3 @ 1 mark 3 3(b)(i) • completion of pie chart • correct shading 2 @ 1 mark 2 3(b)(ii) • There is no sugar cane grown in Balochistan; • Sugar mills have to be located near the sugar cane fields and there are none in Balochistan; • Sugar cane starts to lose its sugar content as soon as it is harvested / it needs to be crushed immediately; • Too far to transport sugar cane from Balochistan to the nearest sugar mill; • Sugar cane is bulky and heavy so it is expensive to transport. 1 @ 1 mark 1 3(b)(iii) By-product • Bagasse • Molasses Use • Bagasse: as a fuel in sugar mills / to make chipboard / to make paper / to make animal feed. • Molasses: to manufacture various acids, e.g. citric acid / in the chemical industry / to make cattle feed / to make yeast / as fuel (in sugar factories) / used in manufacture of synthetic rubber. 2 @ 1 mark 2 3(c)(i) Physical factors • Raw material; heavy and bulky to transport / so factory would be best located close to the source of the raw material in order to reduce cost of transportation (dev); • Water; a large quantity of water is needed in steel manufacture / so the factory would be sited near to a large source of water e.g. a river or lake (dev); • Land; flat land is required; as it is easier to build on (dev) / unused land is preferred as money does not have to be spent cleaning up the land first (dev) / large area of land so there is room for expansion and storage if needed in the future (dev); cheap land / so that it is affordable for businesses and loans do not have to be taken out (dev). Human factors • Power; situated near to a thermal or nuclear power station / is preferred so that energy supplies will be uninterrupted (dev); • Labour; skilled and unskilled labour is required so located near to a large town or city / so that labour can access the factory (dev); • Market; located to large towns and cities / railways / ports / so that the products can easily be transported for sale or export (dev); • Communication; near to motorways / railways and / or good IT infrastructure / so that goods can be transported efficiently and deals can be made within Pakistan or beyond (dev); • Transport; near to main road and rail network and ports for the movement of raw material in / finished products out / and for workers / large and bulky raw material needs to be near factory (dev); • Capital; tax breaks, loans, incentives, (dev) etc. Note: One mark for identification of appropriate idea and a further mark for development (in parentheses). Note: Max. 2 marks if no development. 2 @ 2 marks 4 3(c)(ii) Domestic market: cement / steel / fertilisers Export market: cotton / sports goods / surgical instruments 2 @ 1 mark 2 3(d) Levels marking No valid response 0 Level 1 1–2 Simple point referring to one view (1) Simple points referring to any view (2) Level 2 3–4 Developed point referring to one view (3) Developed points referring to both views (4) Level 3 5–6 Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example (5) Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example (6) Content Guide Answers are likely to refer to: Possibilities • Introduce training programmes; • Advertising to entice local markets to buy locally produced products; • Reducing manufacturing costs; • Improving productivity; • Buy local initiatives or examples; • Improving the standard / quality of locally produced goods to meet international standards; • Incentives for buying local, e.g. creation of more jobs; • Helps reduce impact on climate change by reducing CO2 emissions; from transport costs / benefits to the environment promoted; • Make it more difficult to import goods / increase tariffs / duties; Etc. Difficulties • Advertising / promotion / branding of imported goods; • Costs / cheaper to buy imported goods; • Quality of local goods; • Skills availability for producing quality goods; • Funding to develop industries / manufacturing; • Technical knowledge / skills; • Energy crisis; • Economic constraints; • Availability of modern technology; • New competitors, e.g. Bangladesh / Vietnam / Turkey; • Low foreign investment in consumer goods; • Restricted market, e.g. international standards applied to products; Etc. 6

Cambridge O Level Pakistan Studies · 2059

O-Level Pakistan Studies (2059) Agricultural development past paper questions

Revise O-Level Pakistan Studies (2059) — Agricultural development with real Cambridge past-paper questions grouped by topic, each shown with its marking scheme. Working one topic at a time targets exactly the skill each question tests.

11 free questions from 2017–2021, each with its marking scheme. Open the full topical bank to filter by subtopic, paper, and year.