3 (a) Describe the events that took place at Jallianwalla Bagh in 1919. [4] (b) Explain why the Congress Party opposed the Morley–Minto reforms of 1909. [7] (c) ‘By 1948 Pakistan had solved the challenges created by Partition.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [14] [Total: 25]

3(a) Describe the events that took place at Jallianwalla Bagh in 1919. Target: AO1 One mark for each relevant point. Additional mark for supporting detail. Indicative content • a peaceful demonstration [1] was being held by Indian people [1] • Jallianwalla Bagh/the park [1] was reached by a narrow entrance with high walls [1] • British troops fired on a crowd [1] of (20000) Indian people [1] • General Dyer commanded the British troops • many (400) people were killed [1] and many (1200) people wounded [1] • the crowd panicked [1] and tried to escape out of the park [1] through the narrow entrances [1] leading to a crush [1] Other relevant responses should also be credited. 4 3(b) Explain why the Congress Party opposed the Morley-Minto reforms of 1909. Target: AO1, AO2 Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 1. Indicative content • the British would not give more political responsibility to India • Congress opposed the principle of separate electorates • self-rule was not given or promised • Congress raised objection to Muslim representation in the Councils Other relevant responses should also be credited. 7 3(c) ‘By 1948 Pakistan had solved the challenges created by Partition.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. Target: AO1, AO2 Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 2. Indicative content May agree that by 1948 Pakistan had solved the challenges created by Partition: • refugees were accommodated • Quaid-e-Azam toured the provinces to promote unity • in July 1948, the new State Bank of Pakistan was set up • in 1948 the new Pakistan Civil Service was founded • Canal Water dispute was partially solved in 1948 Counterarguments may include: • the Princely States of Hyderabad and Junagadh took longer to choose between India and Pakistan • the Kashmir issue remained • British officers were still running the armed forces 14 • East and West Pakistan remained physically distanced • the Canal Water dispute was ongoing Other relevant responses should also be credited.

4 (a) Describe the terms of the Simla Agreement. [4] (b) Explain why Congress and the Muslim League opposed the Cripps Mission of 1942. [7] (c) ‘Ayub Khan’s agricultural policies were the most effective of the domestic reforms that took place between 1958 and 1969.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [14] [Total: 25]

4(a) Describe the terms of the Simla Agreement. Target: AO1 One mark for each relevant point. Additional mark for supporting detail. Indicative content • an agreement signed in July 1972 [1] between Bhutto [1] and Gandhi [1] • India agreed to return imprisoned soldiers [1] • Both countries promised to discuss the Kashmir issue [1] • and not with organisations such as the United Nations [1] Other relevant responses should also be credited. 4 4(b) Explain why Congress and the Muslim League opposed the Cripps Mission of 1942. Target: AO1, AO2 Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 1. Indicative content • the Muslim League wanted reference to the establishment of Pakistan • Congress wanted immediate control over India • Congress was unsure that the British would deliver the proposals in the plan • Congress wanted to exploit Britain’s weak position at this time Other relevant responses should also be credited. 7 4(c) ‘Ayub Khan’s agricultural policies were the most effective of the domestic reforms that took place between 1958 and 1969.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. Target: AO1, AO2 Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 2. May agree that agricultural policies were the most effective of Ayub Khan’s domestic policies: • land was redistributed • tenant farmers were introduced • farmers were given loans • farming productivity increased • irrigation schemes were introduced • farming mechanisation was introduced Counter-arguments might include: • an oil refinery was built in Karachi • a Mineral Development Corporation was set up • an export bonus scheme was started • economic growth increased • the price of milk was fixed • new houses were built • new schools and a new curriculum were introduced • refugees were found new homes • a family planning programme was established • medical facilities were improved • a new capital was built at Islamabad • a Basic Democracy Scheme was implemented Other relevant responses should also be credited. 14

4 (a) Describe the Quit India Resolution. [4] (b) Explain why martial law was implemented in 1958. [7] (c) To what extent has Pakistan been an effective member of world organisations since 1947? Explain your answer. [14] [Total: 25]

4(a) Describe the Quit India Resolution. Target: AO1 One mark for each relevant point. Additional mark for supporting detail. Indicative content • the decision by Congress [1] that Gandhi should lead a non-violent mass movement [1] demanding the immediate withdrawal of the British from India [1] was passed as the Quit India Resolution in 1942 [1] • Gandhi argued if Britain left India, Japan would no longer be a threat • that night Gandhi and other Congress members were arrested [1] and Congress was banned [1] • there were riots [1] and a loss of British control in some areas, [1] after violent crackdowns on rioters by the British restored power [1] • the Muslim League opposed the campaign [1] but sheltered activists [1] and gave financial support [1] • it gave momentum to independence Other relevant responses should also be credited. 4 4(b) Explain why martial law was implemented in 1958. Target: AO1, AO2 Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 1. Indicative content • There were multiple Prime Ministers from 1956 to 1958 which had caused uncertainty • the country lost confidence in its leaders • many of the politicians at the time were inexperienced • the army wanted to stabilise the country • to manage the aftermath of the floods and famine in East Pakistan Other relevant responses should also be credited. 7 4(c) To what extent has Pakistan been an effective member of world organisations since 1947? Explain your answer. Target: AO1, AO2 Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 2. Indicative content May agree that Pakistan has been an effective member of world organisations since 1947: • joined the United Nations (UN) in 1947 becoming a large contributor of troops to the UN peacekeeping forces • joined SEATO in 1954 showing solidarity with a USA sponsored defence agreement for Southeast Asia against the USSR • joined CENTO in 1955 becoming a key member looking towards allying with western democracies against the USSR in the Middle East 14 • joined the OIC in 1969 to show solidarity and co-operation with other member states from Muslim countries • re-joined the Commonwealth community in 1989 Counterarguments may include: • left the Commonwealth in 1971 when British recognised Bangladesh • left SEATO in 1972 as it was not providing Pakistan with adequate support • left CENTO in 1979 because Pakistan felt that CENTO was no longer meeting its security requirements • the Kashmir issue Other relevant responses should also be credited.

5 (a) Describe the main events of Muhammad Khan Junejo’s political career. [4] (b) Explain why there were changes of government between 1951 and 1958. [7] (c) ‘Pakistan has had good relations with the United States since 1947.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [14] [Total: 25]

5(a) Describe the main events of Muhammad Khan Junejo’s political career. Target: AO1 One mark for each relevant point. Additional mark for supporting detail. Indicative content • Zia-ul-Haq [1] chose him as Prime Minister [1] in 1985 [1] • Muhammad Khan Junejo worked to develop the new Muslim League party • he called an all-Party Conference [1] in 1988 [1] to discuss the Afghan situation [1] • he announced an inquiry into an explosion at the army weapons dump/ Ojhri Camp [1] in 1988 [1] promising justice [1] • he was dismissed from office [1] by Zia-ul-Haq [1] on 29 May 1988 [1] Other relevant responses should also be credited. 4 5(b) Explain why there were changes of government between 1951 and 1958. Target: AO1, AO2 Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 1. Indicative content • Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Liaquat Ali Khan had died • the remaining politicians were inexperienced • In 1953 there was a severe drought causing food shortages • there was some discontent amongst the people who were suffering hardship leading to riots • East Pakistan had faced severe floods causing food shortages in 1955 Other relevant responses should also be credited. 7 5(c) ‘Pakistan has had good relations with the United States of America since 1947.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. Target: AO1, AO2 Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 2. Indicative content May agree that Pakistan has had good relations with the United States of America since 1947: • Pakistan signed the Mutual Defence Assistance Agreement in 1954 • Pakistan joined SEATO in 1955 • Ayub Khan allowed USA to build air bases in Pakistan • USA gave aid packages of $1.6 billion spread over five years in 1981 and $4.2 billion in 1986 • President Clinton restored sales of aircraft to Pakistan in 1993 • First Lady of the USA visited Pakistan in 1996 • Benazir Bhutto visited USA in 1996 • USA reimbursed Pakistan for the F-16 payments and provided military equipment worth $388 million in 1996 counter-arguments might include: • USA provided military equipment to India during its war with China in 1962 • Pakistan turned away from USA to China for friendship in 1962 • USA placed an arms embargo on India and Pakistan in 1965 • USA aid was suspended in 1977 and 1979 during Zia-ul-Haq’s rule • at the end of the Afghan conflict USA would not declare Pakistan nuclear free and blocked aid • In 1992 the USA placed economic sanctions on Pakistan • USA objected to Pakistan’s nuclear tests in 1998 Other relevant responses should also be credited. 14

5 (a) Describe the ‘cricket diplomacy’ of 1987. [4] (b) Explain why Zulfikar Ali Bhutto reformed education between 1971 and 1977. [7] (c) To what extent was the Islamisation programme the most significant domestic policy introduced by the government of Zia-ul-Haq between 1977 and 1988? Explain your answer. [14] [Total: 25]

5(a) Describe the ‘cricket diplomacy’ of 1987. Target: AO1 One mark for each relevant point. Additional mark for supporting detail. Indicative content • Zia-ul-Haq [1] attended a test match between Pakistan and India [1] in Jaipur, [1] where he met with Rajiv Gandhi [1] • to discuss Indian army exercises in the Rajasthan desert, [1] which were of concern to Pakistan [1] • the meeting helped to lessen frictions between Pakistan and India at the time [1] Other relevant responses should also be credited. 4 5(b) Explain why Zulfikar Ali Bhutto reformed education between 1971 and 1977. Target: AO1, AO2 Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 1. Indicative content • to increase literacy levels in Pakistan • to increase the numbers of children in school (approximately half of all children attended school in 1970) • to provide education for all, including women • to redress historic underinvestment in education and on schools • to raise aspirations through education • to create a ‘Pakistani’ culture and identity • to develop a common school curriculum that was ‘fit for purpose’ Other relevant responses should also be credited. 7 5(c) To what extent was the Islamisation programme the most significant domestic policy introduced by the government of Zia-ul-Haq between 1977 and 1988? Explain your answer. Target: AO1, AO2 Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 2. Indicative content May agree that the Islamisation policy was the most significant domestic policy introduced by the government of Zia-ul-Haq between 1977 and 1988: • Zia introduced Islamic laws to commit people to Islamic values • the introduction of Hudood, Zina, and Zakat Ordinances was intended to embed Islamic principles in the everyday running of Pakistan • this policy would enable Zia-ul-Haq to win support from religious groups such as Jamaat-i-Islami • the Islamisation programme would help to establish a strong and stable government counterarguments may include: • Zia-ul-Haq passed the Eighth Amendment which gave him greater power • private sector investment in denationalised industries was encouraged • economic policies increased GDP and the economic growth rate • changes to the governance of the civil service • he increased the visibility of women in society by increasing their representation in the National Assembly in 1985 Other relevant responses should also be credited. 14

Cambridge O Level Pakistan Studies · 2059

O-Level Pakistan Studies (2059) Nationhood 1947-99 past paper questions

Revise O-Level Pakistan Studies (2059) — Nationhood 1947-99 with real Cambridge past-paper questions grouped by topic, each shown with its marking scheme. Working one topic at a time targets exactly the skill each question tests.

19 free questions from 2017–2021, each with its marking scheme. Open the full topical bank to filter by subtopic, paper, and year.