6 Nepal is a country in Asia. It is located between China and India. (a) The bar chart shows the carbon dioxide, CO2, emissions per person for Nepal and four other countries in 2016. The bar chart is not complete. CO2 emissions / tonnes per person 2 0 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 China India Nepal UK USA country (i) Complete the bar chart to show that the CO2 emissions for India in 2016 were 1.9 tonnes per person. [1] (ii) Use the bar chart to compare the contribution to climate change of Nepal and the USA. … … … … [2] (b) Flooding and landslides are common in Nepal. The table shows some climate data for Nepal. month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec average monthly rainfall / mm 22 26 35 60 141 295 497 423 263 68 12 17 Circle the range of months in which Nepal has the greatest number of landslides. Circle one range only. Jan – Apr Jun – Sep Oct – Dec Nov – Feb [1] (c) A student in Nepal sends an email to a friend about the impact of flooding and landslides in 2017. (i) Calculate the percentage of districts in Nepal impacted by the flooding and landslides. …% [1] (ii) Death and injury are impacts of flooding and landslides. Suggest other impacts of flooding and landslides. … … … … … … [3] (iii) Suggest reasons why people continue to live in areas affected by flooding and landslides. … … … … [2] Content removed due to copyright restrictions. (d) Scientists carried out an investigation into climate change in Nepal. The scientists measured monthly rainfall and temperature at weather stations across the country and compared the results with historic data. The scientists identified some limitations of this investigation: • the terrain of Nepal is very varied: it has mountains, deep valleys and low‑lying land • there are no weather stations in some mountain districts • climate data for Nepal were not recorded before 1960. Suggest reasons why these limitations make it difficult to reach a conclusion about climate change in Nepal. … … … … [2] (e) An invasive species is a species that is not originally from the local area. Warmer temperatures can make it easier for some invasive species to grow. The fact sheet shows information on ‘crofton weed’, an invasive plant species in Nepal. Crofton weed fact sheet (i) Suggest why crofton weed spreads rapidly. … … … … [2] Content removed due to copyright restrictions. (ii) Four methods of controlling invasive plant species are: mechanical control: dig out the plant or cut the plant before it flowers grazing control: use livestock to eat the plants biological control: introduce a natural consumer to the area chemical control: spray the plant with herbicide. Suggest a different limitation of using each method for the control of crofton weed. mechanical control … … grazing control … … biological control … … chemical control … … [4] (f) In Nepal, food crops such as rice and maize are traditionally grown by subsistence farmers. (i) Describe the difference between subsistence farming and commercial farming. … … … … [2] (ii) Some subsistence farmers in Nepal belong to a small‑scale community‑led project. This project aims to improve agricultural practices. Five local farmers talk about this project. The ground water supplies often run dry before the start of the rainy season. Many farming families have had to move to the city to find other work. farmer A: The project is partly funded by an international charity, and we also pay to be part of the project. We must give one day of free labour a year to the project. farmer B: We have been trained in growing a variety of high-yielding crops. We have also been shown how to use intercropping on our farms. farmer C: The project funds polytunnels, which are a type of greenhouse used to grow plants. The project also helps us to buy pest-resistant seeds. farmer D: The project has funded water harvesting using plastic-lined ponds. We can store up to 60 000 litres of water in one pond. farmer E: Do you think this project is an effective way of improving agricultural practices? Support your view with references to the comments made by the five farmers. … … … … … … … … … … [5] [Total: 25]

6(a)(i) correct plot of 1.9 tonnes; 1 6(a)(ii) any two from: Nepal emits less CO2 than USA / ORA; idea that (increased) CO2 contributes to climate change / CO2 is a greenhouse gas / Nepal contributes to a lesser extent than USA; quoted data; idea that bar chart, only shows CO2 data / does not show other greenhouse gases, so not all contribution known; 2 6(b) Jun – Sep circled; 1 6(c)(i) 49(.3)(%); 1 6(c)(ii) any three from: loss of, homes / shelter; loss of, roads / bridges / infrastructure; loss of jobs / economic impact; loss of, crops / farmland / habitats / food production; increased migration; lack of, clean water / adequate sanitation; risk of, water-related diseases / cholera / typhoid / malaria; lack of medical supplies; (cost of) rebuilding (homes, roads); 3 6(c)(iii) any two from: deposition of silt on farmland / increased fertility of soil, after flooding nowhere else to move; lack of money; family / traditional, ties; employment / economic reason; confidence in protection measures; 2 6(d) any two from: different terrains, make it difficult to compare the whole of Nepal / affect local climate conditions; not all of the land was sampled / not representative sample; historic data limited; AVP; 2 6(e)(i) any two from: idea of lack of control, e.g. not eaten by livestock / no local consumer; many seeds produced per plant; seeds are light in weight / many seeds in 1 g / seeds easily transported (by wind or animals or insects); climate change has led to increased temperatures; 2 6(e)(ii) any one from each method: mechanical control: labour intensive / plants not always (completely) removed / plants can regrow / would need to be repeated regularly / plant could still be eaten by horses / may damage other plants; grazing control: livestock do not like the taste / damaging to horses / would be difficult to clear large areas of land / roots not removed; biological control: unknown effect of introducing a new species / new species might become invasive / changes food chain(s); chemical control: negative effect of using a chemical / bioaccumulation or build-up in food chain / effect on non-target species / run-off to other areas; 4 6(f)(i) subsistence farming is the production of food primarily for consumption by the people on the farm; commercial farming is farming to, make a profit / export / sell; 2 6(f)(ii) opinion based on evidence linked to the speech bubbles any five from: ‘ground water supplies often run dry before the start of the rainy season’ development has addressed water shortages; ‘Many farming families have had to move to the city to find other work’ (the project) has allowed farming to continue; ‘The project is partly funded by an international charity’ raises the profile of the project; charity helps meet the costs of the project; ‘...we pay to be part of the project. We must give one day of free labour a year to the project’ farmers need to show commitment; ‘we have been trained in a growing a variety of high-yielding crops’ farmers taught to, be more productive / use best practice; wider range of crops means reduced risk if one crop fails; greater income; ...use intercropping…’ increases yield (from farm); reduces soil erosion; ‘...funds polytunnels,’ increases range of plants grown; optimises growing conditions; helps to manage irrigation; ‘pest resistant seeds’ reduced use of chemicals / less damage to food chain; ‘water harvesting and storage’ supplies water for irrigation; 5

1 (a) (i) Calculate the number of people living in urban areas in 2019. … [1] (ii) Suggest reasons why people want to live in urban areas. … … … … … … [3] (b) The Dominican Republic has several different climatic regions. The tables show climate data for two locations, A and B. The table for location B is not complete. location A month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec average temperature / °C 16.2 16.7 17.5 18.3 19.1 19.5 19.5 19.8 19.7 19.2 18.1 16.9 average rainfall / mm 45 34 35 79 194 121 74 93 128 119 79 61 average temperature range = 3.6 °C average annual rainfall = 1062 mm location B month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec average temperature / °C 25.1 25.2 26.0 26.7 27.4 28.0 28.9 28.9 28.5 27.9 26.7 25.0 average rainfall / mm 13 15 30 34 86 26 26 52 79 80 49 19 average temperature range = … °C average annual rainfall = … mm (i) Complete the table for location B. [2] (ii) Compare the climate at location A and at location B. Use information from the tables to support your answer. … … … … … … … … [4] (c) Location B is suitable for growing banana plants. The photograph shows a banana plant. leaf banana fruit flower (i) Suggest why the climate at location B allows banana plants to grow quickly and produce fruit. … … … … [2] (ii) Banana plants have very large leaves. Explain how this helps the plants to grow quickly. … … … … [2] (d) Bananas are an important cash crop. (i) Define the term cash crop. … … [1] (ii) Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage to farmers of producing cash crops. Give a reason for each answer. advantage … … disadvantage … … [2] (e) Banana plants are grown at two-metre intervals in rows that are three metres apart. Other crops are planted between the rows of banana plants. (i) Explain how planting more than one crop helps to reduce soil erosion. … … … … … … [3] (ii) Suggest one benefit to a farmer, other than reducing soil erosion, of planting more than one crop. … … [1] (f) The photograph shows bunches of bananas ready to leave a farm at location B. bunch of bananas A student wants to find out about the size of the bananas for sale. The student collects five bananas from one bunch ready to leave the farm. (i) Describe a method the student can use to select the five bananas at random. … … [1] (ii) The student measures the mass of the skin and the mass of the edible fruit of five bananas separately. The table shows the results. Complete the table to show the total mass. mass for five bananas / g edible fruit 282 skin 113 total … [1] (iii) Calculate the percentage of edible fruit in this sample of five bananas. … % [1] (iv) A second student says: A single sample of five bananas does not give enough data to be representative of the banana harvest. Suggest improvements the first student can make to collect representative data from the banana harvest on this farm. … … … … … … [3] (g) A questionnaire is used to find out more about banana production on 25 small farms. The results are shown in the table. % response yes no Do you use insecticides? 28 72 Do you use fertilisers? 24 76 Do you make a profit each year? 80 20 (i) Describe what the results of this questionnaire show. … … … … [2] (ii) The Cavendish variety of banana plant is easily infected by a disease called ‘bacterial wilt’. This disease kills the plant before it produces fruit. Scientists are using genetic modification to develop a new variety of banana plant that is resistant to this disease. Describe how scientists can use genetic modification to produce a disease-resistant variety of banana plant. … … … … [2] (h) The government has introduced a new programme to support farming in the Dominican Republic. This programme aims to increase the number of different crops grown by farmers. Suggest ways this programme can benefit farmers and the government of the Dominican Republic. benefits to farmers … … … … benefits to the government … … … … [4] [Total: 35]

1(a)(i) 9 (.13) million; 1 1(a)(ii) any three from: employment / better pay; hospitals / health care / emergency services; schools / education; infrastructure, e.g. electricity, water, roads, transport, sanitation; housing; social factor, e.g. moving to be with other family members / lived there whole life; AVP; 3 1(b)(i) 3.9 (°C); 509 (mm); 2 1(b)(ii) any four from A: is wetter; in every month / all year; has twice the rainfall; has largest rainfall in, same month / May; is colder / lower temperature; in every month / all year; has similar / lower, temperature range; has peak temperature, in same month / August OR temperature peak is shorter in A; correctly quoted or manipulated comparative data, e.g. highest temp. at A is 19.8 and at B is 28.9 / range at A is 3.6 and at B is 3.9; 4 1(c)(i) any two from B has: warm(er) climate / high(er) temperature / optimum temperature / suitable temperature / small temperature range; enough water / enough or suitable rainfall / optimum water; (conditions that allow) faster / more, photosynthesis / respiration / metabolism; 2 1(c)(ii) any two from: large, surface / area; to, capture / absorb / get, (more sun) light; (contain large amount of) chlorophyll / chloroplasts; so more photosynthesis; so more energy for growth; 2 1(d)(i) (crop is) sold (for cash / money); 1 1(d)(ii) max one advantage from: (gain income to) buy, seeds / tools / animals; can invest in the farm; (gain income to pay for): school fees / medicines / bills; improves economy; max one disadvantage from: may be difficult to produce; cannot use as food; loss of income if crop fails; price drops if, too many farmers grow it / lower demand / lots of competition; does not meet, food supply / demand, for, local people / family; stated environmental impact, e.g. clearing land required / soil quality reduces; 2 1(e)(i) any three from: soil always covered by plants / plants act as barrier; (more) rain intercepted; slower infiltration; reduced or no surface run off / soil not washed away; less wind near soil / soil not blown away; (roots) hold or bind (soil); adds organic material or nutrients / improves quality or fertility of soil; 3 1(e)(ii) any one from: other crop can be sold / can gain more income; other crop can be harvested at different time; can be used on the farm as food; biological control / deter pests; provide nutrients for plants / balance nutrients / adds named nutrient; not dependent on one crop / reduces impact of disease or pests; 1 1(f)(i) any valid random method described, e.g. pick numbers out of a bag / use random number generator; 1 1(f)(ii) 395; 1 1(f)(iii) (282 ÷ (f)(ii) × 100 =) 71.4(%); 1 1(f)(iv) any three from: sample: more (than 5), bananas / fruits; more than one bunch / different bunches; more / different, plants; different, varieties / species / types; different locations (of farm); different occasions, e.g. days, months, times, years; 3 1(g)(i) any two from: approx. 3 times more / most, farmers do not use insecticides; approx. 3 times more / most, farmers do not use fertilisers; 4 times more / most, farmers make a profit (each year); 2 1(g)(ii) find / extract, the genes / DNA, from disease-resistant plant; insert them into, Cavendish / host, plant; 2 1(h) any four from (max three from each section): farmers: economic benefit, e.g. more yield / more crops to sell / more income (to invest in the farm / on other services); less impact of crop failure or disease / stops them being dependent on one crop; more food / more nutrients / less risk of malnutrition or famine or hunger; the value of one crop might be determined by external markets; AVP; government: (saves money as) does not have to provide, aid / subsidies; economic benefit, e.g. income (from exports) / more taxes / less cost of imports / improved economy / more money to invest in infrastructure or development / less need to tax locals (as more money); more employment; less urban migration; fewer people in poverty in the country AVP; 4

1 (a) (i) Calculate the number of unemployed people in the Dominican Republic in 2019. … [1] (ii) The government has set up national parks in different regions of the Dominican Republic. Suggest ways that national parks contribute to economic growth. … … … … [2] (b) The Dominican Republic has several different climatic regions. The tables show climate data for two different locations, P and Q. location P month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec average temperature / °C 23.9 24.2 24.7 25.4 26.1 26.5 26.8 26.9 27.0 26.4 25.7 24.5 average rainfall / mm 67 55 54 85 231 201 189 189 191 203 112 72 location Q month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec average temperature / °C 25.1 25.2 26.0 26.7 27.4 28.0 28.9 28.8 28.5 27.9 26.7 25.0 average rainfall / mm 13 15 30 34 86 26 26 52 79 80 49 19 (i) Use the climate data to complete the table for location P and location Q. location P location Q month with highest rainfall coldest month hottest month [3] (ii) Describe two similarities between the climate at location P and location Q. Use information from the tables to support your answer. 1 … … 2 … … [2] (c) The photograph shows a banana plant. leaf banana fruit flower (i) Many farmers grow banana plants near location Q. Banana plants are grown at two‑metre intervals in rows that are three metres apart. Suggest one way that farmers can use the three‑metre strips of land between the rows of banana plants. … … [1] (ii) Banana plants grow quickly and produce fruits without pollination. Describe the process of pollination. … … … … … … [3] (iii) Banana plants are grown by subsistence farmers and commercial farmers in the Dominican Republic. Describe the benefits of subsistence farming. … … … … … … [3] (d) Some banana fruits are exported to Europe and labelled as ‘organic, fair trade bananas’. Organic banana plants are grown without using chemical fertilisers or pesticides. (i) State how farmers who grow organic bananas can control pests on their banana plants. … … [1] (ii) State how farmers who grow organic bananas can ensure the soil has enough nutrients. … … [1] (iii) State one negative impact of using chemical fertilisers. … … [1] (iv) Fair trade is when companies agree to pay a fair price to farmers for a crop. Suggest one reason why people in Europe want to buy fair trade bananas. … … [1] (e) Bananas are stored in refrigerated containers at 13 °C and loaded onto ships. It takes 20 days to transport the bananas to Europe by ship. This transport accounts for 60% of the carbon footprint of banana production. (i) Define the term carbon footprint. … … … … [2] (ii) Suggest why bananas are kept at 13 °C during the journey to Europe. … … … … [2] (iii) A banana ship travels at a constant speed of 15.4 km per hour. The journey takes 20 days. Calculate the distance this ship travels in 20 days. … km [2] (f) A student notices that some banana plants have long dark streaks on their green leaves. This is caused by a fungal disease called ‘black sigatoka’. The student surveys two organic farms, X and Y, to compare the number of diseased leaves on banana plants. The student: • marks out one plot of 4 × 4 banana plants in the middle of farm X and one plot of 4 × 4 banana plants in the middle of farm Y • uses a random number table to select 8 banana plants from each plot • records the number of leaves per banana plant with black sigatoka disease. The positions of the 8 selected banana plants in the sample from farm X and the sample from farm Y are shown in the diagram. farm X farm Y unselected banana plant Key selected banana plant 2 m 3 m (i) Compare the patterns of selected banana plant positions in farm X and farm Y. … … … … [2] (ii) Explain why both the samples are representative of all the banana plants on each farm. … … [1] (iii) Draw a table the student can use to record the results of this survey. [3] (g) One farmer said: There are more leaves with black sigatoka fungal disease when the weather is warm and wet. We work hard to control the spread of the disease. The climate data for farms X and Y are shown in the table. month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec average temperature / °C 25.1 25.2 26.0 26.7 27.4 28.0 28.9 28.8 28.5 27.9 26.7 25.0 average rainfall / mm 13 15 30 34 86 26 26 52 79 80 49 19 (i) Identify in which months you expect the fungal disease to spread quickly. Give a reason for your answer. months … reason … … [2] (ii) One method of controlling black sigatoka fungal disease is to remove the diseased leaves from the plants and then burn the leaves. Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of this method compared with spraying the plants with a fungicide. advantage … … disadvantage … … [2] (iii) Describe one method scientists can use to produce a new variety of banana plant that is resistant to black sigatoka. … … … … [2] [Total: 37]

1(a)(i) 649 000 / 0.649 million; 1 1(a)(ii) any two from: provide jobs / reduce unemployment; attract (eco)tourists / visitors; (so more) income to government; stimulates associated shops / businesses; AVP; 2 1(b)(i) May, May; Jan, Dec; Sep, Jul; 3 1(b)(ii) any two similarities supported with info from the tables: annual range of average monthly temperatures less than 4°C (at both locations); May has highest rainfall (at both locations); Dec to March are the driest four months (at both locations); AVP; 2 1(c)(i) any one from: plant, small / quick-growing, crops; keep animals; AVP; 1 1(c)(ii) the movement of pollen from an anther; to a stigma; by, wind / insects / animals; 3 1(c)(iii) any three from: reduces migration to urban areas; encourages self-sufficiency / example given; limits use of, inputs / named input; surplus boosts local economy; AVP; 3 1(d)(i) any one from: use biological control / description of biological control; use repellent plants next to banana plants; described manual method; 1 1(d)(ii) any one from: use, manure / organic fertilisers; use crop residues; use, compost / domestic food waste; AVP; 1 1(d)(iii) eutrophication / nutrient enrichment / damage to soil structure; 1 1(d)(iv) for ethical reasons / eq.; 1 1(e)(i) any two from: (total of) all greenhouse gas emissions / amount of CO2 released into atmosphere; as a result of the activities of a particular individual, organisation or community; expressed as a carbon dioxide equivalent; 2 1(e)(ii) any two from: so they do not ripen too quickly; so they do not rot; so they arrive, in good condition / fresh; AVP; 2 1(e)(iii) correct use of distance = speed × time / 480 (hours); 7400 / 7390 / 7392 (km); 2 1(f)(i) idea that farm X is more spread out; idea that farm Y is more clustered; 2 1(f)(ii) (equal sized) sample was selected, at random / without bias; 1 1(f)(iii) table with enough cells to enter all data; column heading; row heading; 3 1(g)(i) May AND September AND October; warmest and wettest months; 2 1(g)(ii) any one advantage: it’s targeted; saves cost / reduces use, of chemicals; keeps organic status of farms; fewer toxic effects; don’t need to train people to use it; plus any one disadvantage: labour intensive; time-consuming; may miss infected leaves; needs to be repeated regularly; burning, not good for health / causes air pollution; risk of fire becoming uncontrolled; 2 1(g)(iii) cross breed with another plant; that is resistant to fungal attack ; OR identify gene for resistance (in other banana plant); transfer it to farmed variety; 2

1 (a) (i) Calculate the number of people living in urban areas in 2019. … [1] (ii) Suggest reasons why people want to live in urban areas. … … … … … … [3] (b) The Dominican Republic has several different climatic regions. The tables show climate data for two locations, A and B. The table for location B is not complete. location A month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec average temperature / °C 16.2 16.7 17.5 18.3 19.1 19.5 19.5 19.8 19.7 19.2 18.1 16.9 average rainfall / mm 45 34 35 79 194 121 74 93 128 119 79 61 average temperature range = 3.6 °C average annual rainfall = 1062 mm location B month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec average temperature / °C 25.1 25.2 26.0 26.7 27.4 28.0 28.9 28.9 28.5 27.9 26.7 25.0 average rainfall / mm 13 15 30 34 86 26 26 52 79 80 49 19 average temperature range = … °C average annual rainfall = … mm (i) Complete the table for location B. [2] (ii) Compare the climate at location A and at location B. Use information from the tables to support your answer. … … … … … … … … [4] (c) Location B is suitable for growing banana plants. The photograph shows a banana plant. leaf banana fruit flower (i) Suggest why the climate at location B allows banana plants to grow quickly and produce fruit. … … … … [2] (ii) Banana plants have very large leaves. Explain how this helps the plants to grow quickly. … … … … [2] (d) Bananas are an important cash crop. (i) Define the term cash crop. … … [1] (ii) Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage to farmers of producing cash crops. Give a reason for each answer. advantage … … disadvantage … … [2] (e) Banana plants are grown at two-metre intervals in rows that are three metres apart. Other crops are planted between the rows of banana plants. (i) Explain how planting more than one crop helps to reduce soil erosion. … … … … … … [3] (ii) Suggest one benefit to a farmer, other than reducing soil erosion, of planting more than one crop. … … [1] (f) The photograph shows bunches of bananas ready to leave a farm at location B. bunch of bananas A student wants to find out about the size of the bananas for sale. The student collects five bananas from one bunch ready to leave the farm. (i) Describe a method the student can use to select the five bananas at random. … … [1] (ii) The student measures the mass of the skin and the mass of the edible fruit of five bananas separately. The table shows the results. Complete the table to show the total mass. mass for five bananas / g edible fruit 282 skin 113 total … [1] (iii) Calculate the percentage of edible fruit in this sample of five bananas. … % [1] (iv) A second student says: A single sample of five bananas does not give enough data to be representative of the banana harvest. Suggest improvements the first student can make to collect representative data from the banana harvest on this farm. … … … … … … [3] (g) A questionnaire is used to find out more about banana production on 25 small farms. The results are shown in the table. % response yes no Do you use insecticides? 28 72 Do you use fertilisers? 24 76 Do you make a profit each year? 80 20 (i) Describe what the results of this questionnaire show. … … … … [2] (ii) The Cavendish variety of banana plant is easily infected by a disease called ‘bacterial wilt’. This disease kills the plant before it produces fruit. Scientists are using genetic modification to develop a new variety of banana plant that is resistant to this disease. Describe how scientists can use genetic modification to produce a disease-resistant variety of banana plant. … … … … [2] (h) The government has introduced a new programme to support farming in the Dominican Republic. This programme aims to increase the number of different crops grown by farmers. Suggest ways this programme can benefit farmers and the government of the Dominican Republic. benefits to farmers … … … … benefits to the government … … … … [4] [Total: 35]

1(a)(i) 9 (.13) million; 1 1(a)(ii) any three from: employment / better pay; hospitals / health care / emergency services; schools / education; infrastructure, e.g. electricity, water, roads, transport, sanitation; housing; social factor, e.g. moving to be with other family members / lived there whole life; AVP; 3 1(b)(i) 3.9 (°C); 509 (mm); 2 1(b)(ii) any four from A: is wetter; in every month / all year; has twice the rainfall; has largest rainfall in, same month / May; is colder / lower temperature; in every month / all year; has similar / lower, temperature range; has peak temperature, in same month / August OR temperature peak is shorter in A; correctly quoted or manipulated comparative data, e.g. highest temp. at A is 19.8 and at B is 28.9 / range at A is 3.6 and at B is 3.9; 4 1(c)(i) any two from B has: warm(er) climate / high(er) temperature / optimum temperature / suitable temperature / small temperature range; enough water / enough or suitable rainfall / optimum water; (conditions that allow) faster / more, photosynthesis / respiration / metabolism; 2 1(c)(ii) any two from: large, surface / area; to, capture / absorb / get, (more sun) light; (contain large amount of) chlorophyll / chloroplasts; so more photosynthesis; so more energy for growth; 2 1(d)(i) (crop is) sold (for cash / money); 1 1(d)(ii) max one advantage from: (gain income to) buy, seeds / tools / animals; can invest in the farm; (gain income to pay for): school fees / medicines / bills; improves economy; max one disadvantage from: may be difficult to produce; cannot use as food; loss of income if crop fails; price drops if, too many farmers grow it / lower demand / lots of competition; does not meet, food supply / demand, for, local people / family; stated environmental impact, e.g. clearing land required / soil quality reduces; 2 1(e)(i) any three from: soil always covered by plants / plants act as barrier; (more) rain intercepted; slower infiltration; reduced or no surface run off / soil not washed away; less wind near soil / soil not blown away; (roots) hold or bind (soil); adds organic material or nutrients / improves quality or fertility of soil; 3 1(e)(ii) any one from: other crop can be sold / can gain more income; other crop can be harvested at different time; can be used on the farm as food; biological control / deter pests; provide nutrients for plants / balance nutrients / adds named nutrient; not dependent on one crop / reduces impact of disease or pests; 1 1(f)(i) any valid random method described, e.g. pick numbers out of a bag / use random number generator; 1 1(f)(ii) 395; 1 1(f)(iii) (282 ÷ (f)(ii) × 100 =) 71.4(%); 1 1(f)(iv) any three from: sample: more (than 5), bananas / fruits; more than one bunch / different bunches; more / different, plants; different, varieties / species / types; different locations (of farm); different occasions, e.g. days, months, times, years; 3 1(g)(i) any two from: approx. 3 times more / most, farmers do not use insecticides; approx. 3 times more / most, farmers do not use fertilisers; 4 times more / most, farmers make a profit (each year); 2 1(g)(ii) find / extract, the genes / DNA, from disease-resistant plant; insert them into, Cavendish / host, plant; 2 1(h) any four from (max three from each section): farmers: economic benefit, e.g. more yield / more crops to sell / more income (to invest in the farm / on other services); less impact of crop failure or disease / stops them being dependent on one crop; more food / more nutrients / less risk of malnutrition or famine or hunger; the value of one crop might be determined by external markets; AVP; government: (saves money as) does not have to provide, aid / subsidies; economic benefit, e.g. income (from exports) / more taxes / less cost of imports / improved economy / more money to invest in infrastructure or development / less need to tax locals (as more money); more employment; less urban migration; fewer people in poverty in the country AVP; 4

2 The fact sheet shows information on the Resplendent Quetzal bird. The Resplendent Quetzal Resplendent Quetzal birds live in the forests of Costa Rica. Many tourists visit the forests to see these colourful birds. The population of the Resplendent Quetzal birds is decreasing. Deforestation and climate change are two possible causes of this population decrease. Wild avocado trees are the main food source for these birds. They also eat small lizards. Resplendent Quetzal birds build nests in old trees and breed between February and July. However, 78% of the eggs do not hatch. The long-tailed weasel is the main predator of the chicks and eggs. Adult birds are hunted by hawks and owls. (a) (i) Deforestation and climate change are two possible causes of the population decrease of the Resplendent Quetzal birds. Suggest two other possible causes of the population decrease of the Resplendent Quetzal birds. 1 … 2 … [2] (ii) Explain ways that climate change could cause the population of the Resplendent Quetzal birds to decrease. … … … … … … [3] (iii) Use the fact sheet to write a food chain for the Resplendent Quetzal birds that includes a producer. … [2] (b) A conservationist wants to estimate the population of Resplendent Quetzal birds in a forest using a transect method. (i) Describe how the conservationist can use a transect method to record the number of Resplendent Quetzal birds. … … … … … … … … [4] (ii) The conservationist estimates there are four Resplendent Quetzal birds per km2. Suggest how the conservationist can calculate the total number of Resplendent Quetzal birds in the forests of Costa Rica. … … [1] (iii) Sound recordings from microphones placed in the forest can also be used to estimate the population of the Resplendent Quetzal birds. A computer programme recognises the recorded song of the Resplendent Quetzal bird. It also calculates how close a bird is to a microphone. Suggest two advantages of using this method compared to methods that rely on observing the Resplendent Quetzal birds. 1 … … 2 … … [2] (iv) The conservationist wants to investigate the food of the Resplendent Quetzal bird. The conservationist considers two different methods: method 1: • photograph a Resplendent Quetzal bird taking food into a nest • repeat for other Resplendent Quetzal birds method 2: • collect the droppings (waste material) produced by a Resplendent Quetzal bird • analyse the contents of the droppings • repeat for other Resplendent Quetzal birds. Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage for each method. You must suggest different advantages and disadvantages for each method. method 1: advantage … … disadvantage … … method 2: advantage … … disadvantage … … [4] [Total: 18]

2(a)(i) any two from: high nest failure rate; increased predation; loss of food; disease; tourism / human settlement / habitat disturbed; 2 2(a)(ii) any three from: range of habitable areas may change or decrease; as areas become too hot or too cold; more extreme weather events; leads to, unfavourable climate in established habitats / destruction of existing habitats / more wildfires which destroy habitat; increased temperatures; lead to, change in plants growing in area / change in available food / drought / loss of land; more favourable conditions for predators / invasive species; 3 2(a)(iii) (wild) avocado (tree) as producer; rest correct; wild avocado trees → (lizard →) (Resplendent) Quetzal → hawk / owl 2 2(b)(i) any four from: transect is systematic sampling method; description of a transect, e.g. along the path, direction of the path; (known compass bearing,) use length of string or measured distance in straight line; transect location selected at random; count number of birds seen / heard along the transect line; record results table or tally chart; repeat for different transects / different parts of forest or location; take an average; AVP, e.g. time spent at each point; 4 2(b)(ii) 4 multiplied by area (of all forests); 1 2(b)(iii) any two from: birds are easier to hear than see; automated / fewer people needed; can be carried out continuously / can be done day or night; does not rely on people’s judgement (that they have seen the correct bird); birds may be scared away by people (so observation method may be biased); can be used in remote locations; AVP; 2 2(b)(iv) any one different advantage and one different disadvantage from each method: method 1 and 2: advantage once for either method 1 or 2: doesn’t disturb the birds; method 1: advantage: can refer back over many years / visual record / can see what they have eaten; disadvantage: depends on seeing the bird with food in its beak / difficult to see what is in beak; nesting time is only for a few months a year; diet to feed chicks might be different from adult food; only shows what they eat in nest / doesn’t show what they eat away from nest; method 2: advantage: does not rely on sightings of birds; disadvantage: food will be digested so difficult to tell what it is; expensive / droppings will need to be analysed (to see what they contain); difficult to distinguish between the droppings of different species of birds; AVP; 4 (a)(i) To earn marks, you need to suggest two causes for the population decrease of the Resplendent Quetzal birds, other than deforestation and climate change, such as high nest failure, increased predation, or loss of food. (a)(ii) You need to explain three ways climate change could decrease the bird population, such as changes in habitable areas, more extreme weather destroying habitats, or increased temperatures affecting food sources. (a)(iii) To score, you must correctly identify the wild avocado tree as the producer and then construct a food chain with the correct flow of energy, including the Resplendent Quetzal and its predators. (b)(i) To earn marks, you need to describe four steps of a systematic sampling method using a transect, including how it's set up, how birds are counted, how results are recorded, and how reliability is ensured (e.g., repeating and averaging).

Cambridge IGCSE Environmental Management · 0680

IGCSE Environmental Management (0680) Research skills past paper questions

Revise IGCSE Environmental Management (0680) — Research skills with real Cambridge past-paper questions grouped by topic, each shown with its marking scheme. Working one topic at a time targets exactly the skill each question tests.

33 free questions from 2019–2021, each with its marking scheme. Open the full topical bank to filter by subtopic, paper, and year.