1 The Earth’s crust is made up of tectonic plates. The diagram shows a constructive plate boundary. sea plate magma plate (a) Describe what is happening at this constructive plate boundary. … … … … … … [3] (b) Describe the impacts of an earthquake on people living near a plate boundary. … … … … … … [3] [Total: 6]

1(a) any three from: convection currents move plates; two plates moving away from each other / divergent; molten magma rises to fill the gap; magma becomes lava; underwater mountains / volcanoes / new land formed / sea floor spreading; shield volcanoes can form along the edge of the boundary; 3 1(b) any three from: damage to buildings and infrastructure; fire; tsunamis; landslides; loss of land / habitats; water related disease; loss of life; trauma; financial losses; homelessness / relocation / evacuation (of people); 3

4 The map shows the location of plate boundaries and earthquake zones around the world. Eurasian plate Caribbean plate African plate North American plate South American plate Indo- Australian Plate Eurasian plate Nazca plate Cocos plate Caribbean plate African plate North American plate South American plate Pacific plate Indo- Australian plate Antarctic plate Antarctic plate Key plate boundary earthquake zone (a) Describe the distribution of earthquake zones shown on the map. … … … … … … [3] (b) Describe how an earthquake occurs at a destructive (convergent) plate boundary. … … … … … … [3] (c) (i) Describe how the structure of modern buildings can reduce the risk of death from earthquakes. … … … … … … [3] (ii) Often, more people die in the weeks following an earthquake than during the earthquake itself. Suggest reasons why. … … … … … … … … [4] [Total: 13]

4(a) most / many, at plate boundaries / edges of plates; plus any two further details, e.g.: high concentration around northern edge of Pacific plate; high activity along west coast of America; relatively few in middle of Pacific plate; comparatively few on Antarctic plate; spread across whole world; 3 4(b) any three from: plates move towards each other; subduction occurs / description of subduction; pressure / friction, occurs / builds up; idea of sudden, release / movement (causing quake); 3 4(c)(i) any three from: use fewer floors / build lower buildings; use pyramidal shape; use reinforced, structure / materials; idea of using flexible building materials; idea of using rubber shock absorbers in foundations; idea of using counterweights on top of building; 3 4(c)(ii) any four from: lack of medical help / death through injury; lack of clean water / poor sanitation; outbreak of, water-borne disease / cholera ; lack of food / starvation / malnutrition; risk of aftershocks / falling structures; crime; lack of shelter / exposure to weather; 4 (a) To earn marks, you must state that most earthquake zones are at plate boundaries and provide two additional specific details about their distribution, such as high concentration around the northern Pacific plate or along the west coast of America. (b) To score marks, you need to describe three steps in how an earthquake occurs at a destructive plate boundary, including plates moving towards each other, subduction, and the build-up and sudden release of pressure. (c)(i) To earn marks, you must describe three ways buildings can be designed to withstand earthquakes, such as using fewer floors, reinforced structures, or rubber shock absorbers in foundations. (c)(ii) To score marks, you need to describe four problems faced by people in the aftermath of an earthquake, such as lack of medical help, lack of clean water, outbreak of disease, or lack of food.

4 Long-term drought is a risk to life in many countries. (a) The bar chart shows historic data for the number of deaths caused by some long-term droughts in the twentieth century. 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 number of deaths (millions) 2.5 3.0 3.5 China (1928) country (year of drought) Bangladesh (1943) India (1942) India (1965) India (1900) Soviet Union (1921) China (1920) Ethiopia (1983) Sudan (1983) Ethiopia (1973) (i) Identify which country had the most long-term droughts shown in the bar chart. … [1] (ii) Calculate the total number of deaths due to long-term droughts in China. … million [1] (b) Death is one impact of long-term drought on people. Describe other impacts of long-term drought. … … … … … … … … [4] (c) Long-term droughts in MEDCs are less likely to result in large numbers of deaths than long-term droughts in LEDCs. Suggest why. … … … … … … … … [4] (d) A scientist said, ‘Long-term droughts are expected to occur more frequently in the next 50 years.’ Suggest reasons why long-term droughts are expected to occur more frequently. … … … … [2] (e) Suggest why people continue to live in areas where long-term droughts occur. … … [1] [Total: 13]

4(a)(i) India; 1 4(a)(ii) 3.5 (million); 1 4(b) any four from: reduced availability of drinking water (for people / livestock); leading to, conflict / war; lack of crop yield; lack of food / starvation / malnutrition; lack of income / jobs; dust storms / air pollution; (forced) migration; reliance on food aid; water quality decreases; increased, risk / numbers, of (wild)fires; 4 4(c) any four from: greater wealth; better prediction of drought / emergency planning; good infrastructure to transport supplies; larger stores of food; more investment in exploration of underground sources; more / better, water storage systems; greater ability to, purchase / import supplies; greater ability to, purify / desalinate water; more facilities to prevent death from drought-related illness; 4 4(d) any two from: climate change; higher temperatures / global warming; increased evaporation; disruption to rainfall patterns; increased population; increased deforestation; increased urbanisation (qualified); 2 4(e) tradition / family ties / jobs / qualified economic reason; 1 (a)(i) To earn the mark, you must correctly identify 'India' as the country with the most long-term droughts shown. (a)(ii) To earn the mark, you must correctly calculate the total number of deaths in China as '3.5 million' from the chart. (b) To earn marks, you need to describe four distinct impacts of long-term drought on people, beyond death, such as reduced drinking water, lack of crop yield, or forced migration.

4 The map shows the location of plate boundaries and earthquake zones around the world. Eurasian plate Caribbean plate African plate North American plate South American plate Indo- Australian Plate Eurasian plate Nazca plate Cocos plate Caribbean plate African plate North American plate South American plate Pacific plate Indo- Australian plate Antarctic plate Antarctic plate Key plate boundary earthquake zone (a) Describe the distribution of earthquake zones shown on the map. … … … … … … [3] (b) Describe how an earthquake occurs at a destructive (convergent) plate boundary. … … … … … … [3] (c) (i) Describe how the structure of modern buildings can reduce the risk of death from earthquakes. … … … … … … [3] (ii) Often, more people die in the weeks following an earthquake than during the earthquake itself. Suggest reasons why. … … … … … … … … [4] [Total: 13]

4(a) most / many, at plate boundaries / edges of plates; plus any two further details, e.g.: high concentration around northern edge of Pacific plate; high activity along west coast of America; relatively few in middle of Pacific plate; comparatively few on Antarctic plate; spread across whole world; 3 4(b) any three from: plates move towards each other; subduction occurs / description of subduction; pressure / friction, occurs / builds up; idea of sudden, release / movement (causing quake); 3 4(c)(i) any three from: use fewer floors / build lower buildings; use pyramidal shape; use reinforced, structure / materials; idea of using flexible building materials; idea of using rubber shock absorbers in foundations; idea of using counterweights on top of building; 3 4(c)(ii) any four from: lack of medical help / death through injury; lack of clean water / poor sanitation; outbreak of, water-borne disease / cholera ; lack of food / starvation / malnutrition; risk of aftershocks / falling structures; crime; lack of shelter / exposure to weather; 4 (a) To earn marks, you must state that most earthquake zones are at plate boundaries and then provide two additional specific details about their distribution, such as high concentration around the Pacific plate or along the west coast of America. (b) To score marks, you need to describe three steps of how an earthquake occurs at a destructive plate boundary, including plates moving towards each other, subduction, and the build-up and sudden release of pressure. (c)(i) To earn marks, you must suggest three different ways to design buildings to withstand earthquakes, such as using reinforced structures, flexible materials, or rubber shock absorbers. (c)(ii) To score marks, you need to describe four different problems that people might face immediately after an earthquake, such as lack of medical help, lack of clean water, or the risk of aftershocks.

6 Nepal is a country in Asia. It is located between China and India. (a) The bar chart shows the carbon dioxide, CO2, emissions per person for Nepal and four other countries in 2016. The bar chart is not complete. CO2 emissions / tonnes per person 2 0 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 China India Nepal UK USA country (i) Complete the bar chart to show that the CO2 emissions for India in 2016 were 1.9 tonnes per person. [1] (ii) Use the bar chart to compare the contribution to climate change of Nepal and the USA. … … … … [2] (b) Flooding and landslides are common in Nepal. The table shows some climate data for Nepal. month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec average monthly rainfall / mm 22 26 35 60 141 295 497 423 263 68 12 17 Circle the range of months in which Nepal has the greatest number of landslides. Circle one range only. Jan – Apr Jun – Sep Oct – Dec Nov – Feb [1] (c) A student in Nepal sends an email to a friend about the impact of flooding and landslides in 2017. (i) Calculate the percentage of districts in Nepal impacted by the flooding and landslides. …% [1] (ii) Death and injury are impacts of flooding and landslides. Suggest other impacts of flooding and landslides. … … … … … … [3] (iii) Suggest reasons why people continue to live in areas affected by flooding and landslides. … … … … [2] Content removed due to copyright restrictions. (d) Scientists carried out an investigation into climate change in Nepal. The scientists measured monthly rainfall and temperature at weather stations across the country and compared the results with historic data. The scientists identified some limitations of this investigation: • the terrain of Nepal is very varied: it has mountains, deep valleys and low‑lying land • there are no weather stations in some mountain districts • climate data for Nepal were not recorded before 1960. Suggest reasons why these limitations make it difficult to reach a conclusion about climate change in Nepal. … … … … [2] (e) An invasive species is a species that is not originally from the local area. Warmer temperatures can make it easier for some invasive species to grow. The fact sheet shows information on ‘crofton weed’, an invasive plant species in Nepal. Crofton weed fact sheet (i) Suggest why crofton weed spreads rapidly. … … … … [2] Content removed due to copyright restrictions. (ii) Four methods of controlling invasive plant species are: mechanical control: dig out the plant or cut the plant before it flowers grazing control: use livestock to eat the plants biological control: introduce a natural consumer to the area chemical control: spray the plant with herbicide. Suggest a different limitation of using each method for the control of crofton weed. mechanical control … … grazing control … … biological control … … chemical control … … [4] (f) In Nepal, food crops such as rice and maize are traditionally grown by subsistence farmers. (i) Describe the difference between subsistence farming and commercial farming. … … … … [2] (ii) Some subsistence farmers in Nepal belong to a small‑scale community‑led project. This project aims to improve agricultural practices. Five local farmers talk about this project. The ground water supplies often run dry before the start of the rainy season. Many farming families have had to move to the city to find other work. farmer A: The project is partly funded by an international charity, and we also pay to be part of the project. We must give one day of free labour a year to the project. farmer B: We have been trained in growing a variety of high-yielding crops. We have also been shown how to use intercropping on our farms. farmer C: The project funds polytunnels, which are a type of greenhouse used to grow plants. The project also helps us to buy pest-resistant seeds. farmer D: The project has funded water harvesting using plastic-lined ponds. We can store up to 60 000 litres of water in one pond. farmer E: Do you think this project is an effective way of improving agricultural practices? Support your view with references to the comments made by the five farmers. … … … … … … … … … … [5] [Total: 25]

6(a)(i) correct plot of 1.9 tonnes; 1 6(a)(ii) any two from: Nepal emits less CO2 than USA / ORA; idea that (increased) CO2 contributes to climate change / CO2 is a greenhouse gas / Nepal contributes to a lesser extent than USA; quoted data; idea that bar chart, only shows CO2 data / does not show other greenhouse gases, so not all contribution known; 2 6(b) Jun – Sep circled; 1 6(c)(i) 49(.3)(%); 1 6(c)(ii) any three from: loss of, homes / shelter; loss of, roads / bridges / infrastructure; loss of jobs / economic impact; loss of, crops / farmland / habitats / food production; increased migration; lack of, clean water / adequate sanitation; risk of, water-related diseases / cholera / typhoid / malaria; lack of medical supplies; (cost of) rebuilding (homes, roads); 3 6(c)(iii) any two from: deposition of silt on farmland / increased fertility of soil, after flooding nowhere else to move; lack of money; family / traditional, ties; employment / economic reason; confidence in protection measures; 2 6(d) any two from: different terrains, make it difficult to compare the whole of Nepal / affect local climate conditions; not all of the land was sampled / not representative sample; historic data limited; AVP; 2 6(e)(i) any two from: idea of lack of control, e.g. not eaten by livestock / no local consumer; many seeds produced per plant; seeds are light in weight / many seeds in 1 g / seeds easily transported (by wind or animals or insects); climate change has led to increased temperatures; 2 6(e)(ii) any one from each method: mechanical control: labour intensive / plants not always (completely) removed / plants can regrow / would need to be repeated regularly / plant could still be eaten by horses / may damage other plants; grazing control: livestock do not like the taste / damaging to horses / would be difficult to clear large areas of land / roots not removed; biological control: unknown effect of introducing a new species / new species might become invasive / changes food chain(s); chemical control: negative effect of using a chemical / bioaccumulation or build-up in food chain / effect on non-target species / run-off to other areas; 4 6(f)(i) subsistence farming is the production of food primarily for consumption by the people on the farm; commercial farming is farming to, make a profit / export / sell; 2 6(f)(ii) opinion based on evidence linked to the speech bubbles any five from: ‘ground water supplies often run dry before the start of the rainy season’ development has addressed water shortages; ‘Many farming families have had to move to the city to find other work’ (the project) has allowed farming to continue; ‘The project is partly funded by an international charity’ raises the profile of the project; charity helps meet the costs of the project; ‘...we pay to be part of the project. We must give one day of free labour a year to the project’ farmers need to show commitment; ‘we have been trained in a growing a variety of high-yielding crops’ farmers taught to, be more productive / use best practice; wider range of crops means reduced risk if one crop fails; greater income; ...use intercropping…’ increases yield (from farm); reduces soil erosion; ‘...funds polytunnels,’ increases range of plants grown; optimises growing conditions; helps to manage irrigation; ‘pest resistant seeds’ reduced use of chemicals / less damage to food chain; ‘water harvesting and storage’ supplies water for irrigation; 5

Cambridge IGCSE Environmental Management · 0680

IGCSE Environmental Management (0680) Managing natural hazards past paper questions

Revise IGCSE Environmental Management (0680) — Managing natural hazards with real Cambridge past-paper questions grouped by topic, each shown with its marking scheme. Working one topic at a time targets exactly the skill each question tests.

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Managing natural hazards in IGCSE Environmental Management 0680 exams, 2020–2025

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