5 (a) The photograph shows solar panels on the roof of a building. The panels use solar power to generate electricity. solar panels Describe two benefits and one limitation of using solar power to generate electricity. benefit 1 … … benefit 2 … … limitation … … [3] (b) The bar chart shows global industrial energy consumption by fuel type for 2008 and the predicted values for 2035. Use the bar chart to describe the predicted trends in global industrial energy consumption from 2008 to 2035. … … … … … … [3] Content removed due to copyright restrictions. (c) Suggest reasons why an increase in national wealth can increase energy consumption in a country. … … … … [2] (d) Describe ways that people can reduce their energy consumption at home. … … … … [2] [Total: 10]

5(a) any two benefits from: renewable; does not produce, greenhouse gases / polluting gases / CO2, (at the point of use); can be used on homes / buildings, to generate own electricity; cheap to run (after installation); any one limitation from: not reliable / won’t work at night or if cloudy / requires light conditions / weather-dependent; back-up power stations are needed; expensive to install; batteries cannot store much energy; 3 5(b) any three from: overall increase in energy used; decrease in consumption of petroleum; natural gas predicted to increase (slightly); (slight) increase in consumption of coal; increase in consumption of renewable energy resources; quoted data; 3 5(c) any two from: increases, personal wealth / standard of living; higher level of, vehicle ownership / transportation; higher domestic usage / more appliances used in homes; able to afford cost of investing in new technologies or renewable energy or named technology e.g. fracking / exploration; 2 5(d) any two from: reduction in heat loss e.g. insulation, double, triple glazing; turn off electrical devices / don’t use stand-by or sleep mode / limit time using electrical devices; use energy-efficient devices; heat recovery schemes; improve natural light; better natural ventilation (rather than air conditioning); ICT control of the living environment e.g. smart devices; 2

6 The diagram shows an ‘anaerobic digester’. The anaerobic digester is used to produce biogas from food waste and human waste. toilet tap biogas processed organic waste microorganisms digest waste microorganisms digest waste food waste small power station (a) Describe how this anaerobic digester is used to generate electricity. Use the diagram to support your answer. … … … … … … … … [4] (b) State one way the processed organic waste can be used by the local population. … … [1] (c) The anaerobic digester uses human waste from toilets. Suggest how using anaerobic digesters reduces the spread of disease. … … … … … … [3] (d) A student says: To what extent do you agree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [6] [Total: 14] Anaerobic digesters are a bad investment because they cannot dispose of all types of waste. More electricity can be generated by burning waste.

6(a) one from each section, plus any other two: digester: food waste / human waste / sewage / organic material, put into digester; biogas / methane, produced by, microorganisms / bacteria / digestion process; anaerobically / in an anaerobic process; power station: biogas burnt to produce heat; heat turns water into steam; (steam) rotates / turns, turbine; (turbine) rotates / turns, the generator (which produces electricity); 4 6(b) fertiliser / soil improver; 1 6(c) any three from: human waste is, not in open areas / collected in one place; human waste does not contaminate local, water sources / fields; named disease caused by poor sanitation / cholera; processed (organic) waste is free of disease / anaerobic digestion process breaks down disease; 3 6(d) Level of response marked question: Level 3 [5–6 marks] A coherent response is given that develops and supports the candidate’s conclusion using relevant details and examples. Indicative content and subject-specific vocabulary are generally used precisely and accurately. Good responses are likely to present a balanced evaluation of the statement. Level 2 [3–4 marks] Development and support of the conclusion is evident, though the response may lack some coherence and/or detail. Irrelevant detail may be present. Indicative content and subject-specific vocabulary are used but may lack some precision and / or accuracy. Responses contain evaluation of the statement, but this may not be balanced. Level 1 [1–2 marks] The response may be limited in development and / or support. Contradictions and / or irrelevant detail may be present. Indicative content and subject-specific vocabulary may be limited or absent. Responses may lack structure or be in the form of a list. Evaluation may be limited or absent. No response or no creditable response [0 marks] 6 6(d) Indicative content for: Anaerobic digesters are a bad investment because they cannot dispose of all types of waste. More electricity can be generated by burning waste. advantages of anaerobic digesters: (still) good for organic waste can be set up locally waste does not need to be transported far does not require a large technical knowledge to operate can generate electricity reduce spread of disease reduces local contamination due to sewage processed waste can be used as fertiliser relatively cheap to set up disadvantages of anaerobic digesters: can only be used for organic items needs careful sorting of waste other waste still a problem limited generation of electricity advantages of incineration: can use most waste heat used to generate (more) electricity minimise the need for landfill disadvantages of incineration: more technical to operate efficiently risk of toxic gases / air pollution not all waste needs to be burnt – metals could be recycled ash might be toxic (a) To earn marks, you must describe how the anaerobic digester generates electricity by explaining the process in the digester (e.g., organic waste put in, microorganisms produce biogas) and then in the power station (e.g., biogas burnt, steam turns turbine, generator produces electricity), with at least one point from each section and two additional points overall. (b) To score the mark, you must state one use for the processed organic waste, such as fertiliser or soil improver. (c) To earn marks, you must describe three ways the anaerobic digester improves sanitation, such as collecting human waste in one place, preventing contamination of water sources, or breaking down disease. (d) To achieve marks, you need to provide a coherent and balanced evaluation of the statement, using relevant details and examples, and generally precise subject-specific vocabulary. A good response will present a balanced evaluation of the statement, demonstrating a clear understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of using biogas as a fuel source.

6 The diagram shows part of the carbon cycle. atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolved carbon dioxide aquatic animals B animals and microorganisms Earth’s crust land plants fossil fuels aquatic plants and algae dead remains dead organic matter process Key A D C (a) State the names of processes A, B, C and D. A … B … C … D … [4] (b) Explain why fossil fuels are described as a non-renewable energy resource. … … … … [2] (c) Suggest the impacts of urbanisation on the carbon cycle. … … … … … … [3] [Total: 9]

6(a) A combustion; B respiration; C decomposition; D photosynthesis; 4 6(b) any two from: fossils fuels take millions of years to form; they are finite; fuel is being used faster than being formed; 2 6(c) any three from: idea that carbon dioxide uptake reduced (due to, deforestation / reduction of land plants); increased carbon dioxide (in atmosphere) (due to increased use of fossil fuels in cars, etc.); idea of, loss / exploitation of, carbon sinks; idea that hard surfaces reduce natural decomposition of, animal / plant, remains; 3

6 The diagram shows an ‘anaerobic digester’. The anaerobic digester is used to produce biogas from food waste and human waste. toilet tap biogas processed organic waste microorganisms digest waste microorganisms digest waste food waste small power station (a) Describe how this anaerobic digester is used to generate electricity. Use the diagram to support your answer. … … … … … … … … [4] (b) State one way the processed organic waste can be used by the local population. … … [1] (c) The anaerobic digester uses human waste from toilets. Suggest how using anaerobic digesters reduces the spread of disease. … … … … … … [3] (d) A student says: To what extent do you agree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [6] [Total: 14] Anaerobic digesters are a bad investment because they cannot dispose of all types of waste. More electricity can be generated by burning waste.

6(a) one from each section, plus any other two: digester: food waste / human waste / sewage / organic material, put into digester; biogas / methane, produced by, microorganisms / bacteria / digestion process; anaerobically / in an anaerobic process; power station: biogas burnt to produce heat; heat turns water into steam; (steam) rotates / turns, turbine; (turbine) rotates / turns, the generator (which produces electricity); 4 6(b) fertiliser / soil improver; 1 6(c) any three from: human waste is, not in open areas / collected in one place; human waste does not contaminate local, water sources / fields; named disease caused by poor sanitation / cholera; processed (organic) waste is free of disease / anaerobic digestion process breaks down disease; 3 6(d) Level of response marked question: Level 3 [5–6 marks] A coherent response is given that develops and supports the candidate’s conclusion using relevant details and examples. Indicative content and subject-specific vocabulary are generally used precisely and accurately. Good responses are likely to present a balanced evaluation of the statement. Level 2 [3–4 marks] Development and support of the conclusion is evident, though the response may lack some coherence and/or detail. Irrelevant detail may be present. Indicative content and subject-specific vocabulary are used but may lack some precision and / or accuracy. Responses contain evaluation of the statement, but this may not be balanced. Level 1 [1–2 marks] The response may be limited in development and / or support. Contradictions and / or irrelevant detail may be present. Indicative content and subject-specific vocabulary may be limited or absent. Responses may lack structure or be in the form of a list. Evaluation may be limited or absent. No response or no creditable response [0 marks] 6 6(d) Indicative content for: Anaerobic digesters are a bad investment because they cannot dispose of all types of waste. More electricity can be generated by burning waste. advantages of anaerobic digesters: (still) good for organic waste can be set up locally waste does not need to be transported far does not require a large technical knowledge to operate can generate electricity reduce spread of disease reduces local contamination due to sewage processed waste can be used as fertiliser relatively cheap to set up disadvantages of anaerobic digesters: can only be used for organic items needs careful sorting of waste other waste still a problem limited generation of electricity advantages of incineration: can use most waste heat used to generate (more) electricity minimise the need for landfill disadvantages of incineration: more technical to operate efficiently risk of toxic gases / air pollution not all waste needs to be burnt – metals could be recycled ash might be toxic (a) To earn full marks, you must describe four steps in the process, including how waste is put into the digester, how biogas is produced, how the biogas is used to generate heat, and how this heat leads to electricity generation via a turbine and generator. (b) To earn this mark, you must state one use for the processed organic waste, such as fertiliser or soil improver. (c) To score marks, you need to provide three distinct ways the anaerobic digester improves public health, such as preventing human waste from contaminating water sources or reducing the spread of disease. (d) To achieve higher marks, you need to provide a coherent and balanced evaluation of the statement, using relevant details and examples with precise subject-specific vocabulary, developing and supporting your conclusion.

7 (a) Some environmental scientists investigated sources of marine oil pollution. The table shows their results. (i) Complete the table by calculating the total estimated mass of oil. source of marine oil pollution estimated mass of oil / tonnes per year sea bed 600 000 large ships 457 000 ports 115 000 small boats 53 000 oil rigs 20 000 total … [1] (ii) Calculate the percentage of oil that enters the marine environment from the sea bed. … % [1] (iii) Suggest one reason why the mass of oil is estimated. … … [1] (iv) Use the data from the table to complete the bar chart of the sources of marine oil pollution. Label both axes. 0 100 000 200 000 300 000 … … 400 000 500 000 600 000 700 000 large ships sea bed [3] (b) Describe the impacts of an oil spill on a marine ecosystem. … … … … … … … … [4] (c) Oil tankers are a major source of marine oil pollution. Describe strategies to reduce the risk of oil spills. … … … … … … [3] [Total: 13]

7(a)(i) 1 245000; 1 7(a)(ii) 48.2(%); 1 7(a)(iii) difficult to identify source / ocean current moves oil around / reference to difficulty measuring exact amount / AVP; 1 7(a)(iv) y-axis correctly labelled with unit; x-axis correctly labelled; three correct plots AND labelled; 3 7(b) any four from: oil is toxic (if ingested); blocks gills of marine animals; coats feathers / prevents flight, of birds; blocks out sunlight for marine organisms; prevents photosynthesis; impacts food, web / chain; 4 7(c) any three from: follow MARPOL agreement; impact described, e.g. less discharge of oil waste; use double-hulled oil tankers; both hulls must be damaged for spill to occur; use satellite navigation to guide ships; use defined shipping routes; reduces risk of collision; use of oil pipelines rather than ships; reduces ocean traffic; oil does not be transferred to ships whilst in port; 3

Cambridge IGCSE Environmental Management · 0680

IGCSE Environmental Management (0680) Energy and the environment past paper questions

Revise IGCSE Environmental Management (0680) — Energy and the environment with real Cambridge past-paper questions grouped by topic, each shown with its marking scheme. Working one topic at a time targets exactly the skill each question tests.

30 free questions from 2019–2021, each with its marking scheme. Open the full topical bank to filter by subtopic, paper, and year.

Energy and the environment in IGCSE Environmental Management 0680 exams, 2020–2025

Across 2020–2025, Energy and the environment accounted for 71 questions worth 1,010 marks in Cambridge IGCSE Environmental Management (0680) papers.