1 The diagram shows a population pyramid for a more economically developed country (MEDC). 100+ 95–99 90–94 85–89 80–84 75–79 70–74 65–69 60–64 55–59 50–54 45–49 40–44 35–39 30–34 25–29 20–24 15–19 10–14 5–9 0–4 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 percentage of total population percentage of total population age group 3 4 4 5 5 male female (a) Identify the age group with the highest percentage of males. … [1] (b) Describe the population structure of the MEDC shown in the diagram. … … … … … … [3] (c) State three reasons why people migrate from a country. 1 … 2 … 3 … [3] [Total: 7]

1(a) 40–44; 1 1(b) any three from: largest female group 65–69; large number of middle-aged people / wide in the middle; few young dependants / many elderly dependants; many economically active people; some people live to, old age / 100+; similar shape for both genders up to 65; more females than males above 65; correct use of comparative data; 3 1(c) any three from: lack of food / starvation; natural disaster / climate change; war / conflict; poverty / low standard of living; religious / ethnic, persecution; better job opportunities elsewhere; better health / medical facilities elsewhere; better education opportunities elsewhere; family ties; 3 (a) To earn the mark, you must correctly identify the age group '40-44' from the diagram. (b) To earn marks, you need to provide three distinct observations about the population structure, such as identifying the largest female group, noting the number of dependants, or comparing gender distribution at different ages. (c) To earn marks, you must state three valid reasons why people migrate from a country, such as lack of food, war, or better job opportunities elsewhere.

2 The diagram shows four population pyramids. 10% 5% 0% A 5% 10% B 10% 5% 0% 5% 10% 10% 5% 0% 5% 10% C 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-89 90+ 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-89 90+ age group age group percentage of population percentage of population percentage of population percentage of population Key female male 10% 5% 0% 5% 10% D (a) State which population pyramid is most likely to represent a less economically developed country (LEDC). Give a reason for your answer. population pyramid … reason … … [2] (b) Suggest ways a low birth rate affects a country over time. … … … … [2] (c) State one pronatalist policy that can be introduced by a country. … … [1] (d) State two reasons for a sudden change in the population of a country. 1 … … 2 … … [2] [Total: 7]

2(a) A; large base to pyramid / high birth rate / lower life expectancy; 2 2(b) any two from: working age population decreases / people need to work to an older age / not enough people to fill jobs; need for migrant labour; increases, (relative) number of older dependants / need for carers; increases burden on medical system; increases, pension costs / need for taxes; 2 2(c) any one from: tax relief for larger families; free schooling; better / subsidised medical provision, e.g. antenatal services, family healthcare; free / subsidised, housing for larger families; child benefit; 1 2(d) any two from: war / conflict; famine / natural disaster / named disaster; (influx of) refugees / mass migration; disease, e.g. pandemic; 2 (a) To earn marks, you must correctly identify population pyramid 'A' and provide a valid reason, such as a large base indicating a high birth rate or lower life expectancy. (b) To score marks, you need to suggest two distinct ways a low birth rate affects a country over time, such as a decrease in the working-age population or an increased burden on the medical system. (c) To earn the mark, you must state one government strategy to increase birth rates, like offering tax relief for larger families or providing free schooling. (d) To score marks, you need to provide two distinct reasons for a sudden decrease in population, such as war/conflict or famine/natural disaster.

2 The diagram shows four population pyramids. 10% 5% 0% A 5% 10% B 10% 5% 0% 5% 10% 10% 5% 0% 5% 10% C 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-89 90+ 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-89 90+ age group age group percentage of population percentage of population percentage of population percentage of population Key female male 10% 5% 0% 5% 10% D (a) State which population pyramid is most likely to represent a less economically developed country (LEDC). Give a reason for your answer. population pyramid … reason … … [2] (b) Suggest ways a low birth rate affects a country over time. … … … … [2] (c) State one pronatalist policy that can be introduced by a country. … … [1] (d) State two reasons for a sudden change in the population of a country. 1 … … 2 … … [2] [Total: 7]

2(a) A; large base to pyramid / high birth rate / lower life expectancy; 2 2(b) any two from: working age population decreases / people need to work to an older age / not enough people to fill jobs; need for migrant labour; increases, (relative) number of older dependants / need for carers; increases burden on medical system; increases, pension costs / need for taxes; 2 2(c) any one from: tax relief for larger families; free schooling; better / subsidised medical provision, e.g. antenatal services, family healthcare; free / subsidised, housing for larger families; child benefit; 1 2(d) any two from: war / conflict; famine / natural disaster / named disaster; (influx of) refugees / mass migration; disease, e.g. pandemic; 2 (a) To earn marks, you must correctly identify population pyramid 'A' and then provide a valid reason, such as its large base indicating a high birth rate or lower life expectancy. (b) To score marks, you need to suggest two distinct ways a low birth rate affects a country over time, such as a decrease in the working-age population or an increased burden on the medical system. (c) To earn this mark, you must state one government strategy to increase birth rates, like offering tax relief for larger families or providing free schooling. (d) To get the marks, you need to provide two distinct reasons for a sudden decrease in population, such as war, famine, or a disease pandemic.

2 (a) A poster from a national advertising campaign to encourage people to have more children is shown. Save our country! Raise a child. The population of our country is falling! We need more children for a secure future. (i) State the name of the type of national population policy this campaign is promoting. … [1] (ii) An advertising campaign is one strategy to increase national birth rate. Suggest two other strategies to increase national birth rate. 1 … … 2 … … [2] (b) Suggest reasons why death rates are lower in some countries than in others. … … … … [2] [Total: 5]

2(a)(i) pronatalist; 1 2(a)(ii) any two from: tax advantages; free schooling; subsidised housing; social reward, e.g. medal; free / subsidised healthcare for families; AVP; 2 2(b) any two from: availability of medicine / vaccines; availability of health care / doctors / hospitals; availability of clean / safe water; availability of food; lower infant mortality; better / lesser resourced – qualified; 2

3 (a) The graph shows a population growth curve. time population size The carrying capacity is the maximum population size of a species that the environment can support in the long term. (i) On the graph, label the population growth curve to show: • the carrying capacity • the exponential (log) phase • the lag phase. [3] (ii) Suggest why the carrying capacity of the environment can change. … … … … [2] (b) On the axes, sketch the shape of a human population pyramid for a less economically developed country (LEDC). age group population in millions male female [2] [Total: 7]

3(a)(i) correctly identified: the carrying capacity; the exponential phase; the lag phase; 3 3(a)(ii) any two from: effect of climate change; change in food chain; change in habitat ; introduction of new species / change in competition; natural disasters; availability / lifetime, of resources e.g. minerals, water, food; 2 3(b) pyramidal shape with wider base with progressive change; divided into age categories for male and female; 2

Cambridge IGCSE Environmental Management · 0680

IGCSE Environmental Management (0680) Human population past paper questions

Revise IGCSE Environmental Management (0680) — Human population with real Cambridge past-paper questions grouped by topic, each shown with its marking scheme. Working one topic at a time targets exactly the skill each question tests.

44 free questions from 2019–2021, each with its marking scheme. Open the full topical bank to filter by subtopic, paper, and year.