3 (a) Write an account of the false prophet Musailimah and the battle fought against him in 632. [10] (b) What was the importance of this battle to future generations of Muslims? [4] … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

3(a) Write an account of the false prophet Musailimah and the battle fought against him in 632. Use the AO1 Marking Grid Candidates may include some of the following information. All other relevant information must be credited. Candidates could start with a detailed account of the false prophet Musailimah followed by an account of the Battle of Yamama fought in 632. Of all the false prophets that arose after the demise of the Prophet (pbuh), Musailimah was the most powerful and dangerous. He belonged to the Banu Hanifa tribe and was extremely wealthy and influential. Soon after visiting the Prophet (pbuh) in his lifetime Musailimah declared himself a prophet and claimed to receive divine revelations. He founded a new creed in which he reduced the number of daily prayers, relieved his followers from fasting and zakat and made drinking and adultery permissible. He asked the Prophet (pbuh) to divide the Muslim empire into two parts. The Prophet (pbuh) called him Musailimah the Liar. Battle of Yamama (632) Musailimah challenged the caliphate of Abu Bakr who sent two forces against him – one under the command of Ikramah and the other under Shurahbil. The instructions to both commanders were to join forces before launching an attack on Musailimah who had a force of 40 000 Bedouins. Ikramah was the first to reach the Yamama valley, ignoring the caliph’s orders he launched an attack without waiting for Shurahbil and was beaten back. On reaching Yamama, Shurahbil attacked Musailimah on his own and was beaten back. Musailimah was emboldened by his victory and Abu Bakr then sent Khalid ibn Waleed to lead an attack against Musailimah. Khalid marched with a force of 13 000 and met Musailimah on the plain of Aqraba. After a fierce fight Muslims had to retreat. Khalid regrouped the army under tribal commanders and created a reserve force of a thousand cavalry under his command. The next day the two armies met and as the front ranks grappled with each other in single combat Khalid led the reserves to the mound where Musailimah camped. Musailimah’s bodyguards were taken by surprise and could not hold Khalid off, they withdrew with Musailimah into a fortified garden. Musailimah’s army lost their nerve at this turn of events and escaped to the garden where they were defeated by the Muslims. Washi-al Harb killed Musailimah and the Banu Hanifa accepted peace terms. 10 3(b) What was the importance of this battle to future generations of Muslims? Use the AO2 Marking Grid Candidates may include some of the following information. All other relevant information must be credited. It could be said that the Battle of Yamama marked the end of the false prophets and Abu Bakr could now establish the Islamic empire on a firm footing. It could also be said that Musailimah was changing the key principles of Islam and with this battle the core teachings of Islam were saved from being altered and corrupted. Post-Yamama the Muslims were united as one and could go on to deal with other forces that were against Islam. The battle also led to the compilation of the Qur’an. 4 For part (a), you need to provide a detailed historical account of Musailimah, including his claims and actions, followed by a description of the Battle of Yamama in 632, mentioning key figures and events. For part (b), you must explain the lasting significance and impact of this battle for future generations of Muslims.

3 (a) Give an account of the election of Abu Bakr and the expedition he sent to Syria soon after becoming caliph. [10] (b) Explain the most significant action Abu Bakr took as caliph. [4] … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

3(a) Give an account of the election of Abu Bakr and the expedition he sent to Syria soon after becoming caliph. Use the AO1 Marking Grid Candidates may include some of the following information. All other relevant information must be credited. Candidates need to begin this answer by writing about the election of Abu Bakr as caliph after the passing of the Prophet (pbuh). It could be said that as the final rites of the Prophet (pbuh) were in progress it was brought to the attention of ‘Umar that the Ansars were holding a meeting in the Saqifa e Banu Saida to elect a successor to the Prophet (pbuh). ‘Umar, Abu Bakr and Abu ‘Ubaydah ibn al Jarra hurried to the meeting where the Ansars had almost elected Sa’ad ibn ‘Ubaydah from the Khazraj tribe as the leader. Abu Bakr made a persuasive speech as to why the Quraysh should lead the Muslims. On hearing this argument an Ansar, Khubbab ibn Mundhar, suggested that there be two rulers one from the Quraysh and one from the Ansars. It was at this point that Abu ‘Ubaydah said to the Ansars that: ‘you were the first to uphold Islam, do not be the first to sow seeds of dissension in it’. The Ansars quickly withdrew their claim. Abu Bakr put forward the name of Abu ‘Ubaydah as caliph but ‘Umar stepped forward and nominated Abu Bakr as caliph. He went on to pledge his loyalty to him followed by Zaid ibn Thabit and the rest followed. (He was the natural choice, after Ali he was the first to accept Islam; was with the Prophet (pbuh) at the time of migration; led the prayers during Prophet’s illness; was chief of a hajj caravan, his qualifications and eligibility were undisputed by all.) The speech made by Abu Bakr upon assuming caliphate can also be referred to and seen as development of the answer. Continuing with the policy of the Prophet (pbuh) Abu Bakr dispatched the Muslim force to Syria under the command of Usama ibn Zaid ibn Haritha the son of the Muslim commander Zaid ibn Haritha who was martyred in the Battle of Muta. Abu Bakr was advised to delay the despatch of the army or at least to send it under the command of an experienced leader but Abu Bakr rejected these suggestions saying, ‘Who was he to revoke a decision that the Prophet (pbuh) had taken in his lifetime’. The army led by Usama left 3 weeks after the Prophet’s demise and was successful. 10 3(b) Explain the most significant action Abu Bakr took as caliph. Use the AO2 Marking Grid Candidates may include some of the following information. All other relevant information must be credited. Candidates need to choose any one action of Abu Bakr as caliph and say why in their opinion it was the most significant. It could be said that defeating the false prophets was the most important as they were corrupting the faith and leading the Muslims astray. Candidates could also write about how Abu Bakr fought the tribes who refused to pay zakat and upheld the Pillar of Islam. His expansion of the Islamic state could be yet another choice. The compilation of the Qur’an or even the Syrian expedition they wrote about in Part (a) could be seen as his most significant action. 4 To earn marks for part (a), students must provide a detailed narrative covering the events of Abu Bakr's election as caliph and the subsequent expedition he sent to Syria. For part (b), students need to identify and explain what they consider to be Abu Bakr's most significant action as caliph, providing reasons to support their choice.

3 (a) ͑ Uthman was the third caliph of Islam. Write an account of his election and the administration of his caliphate. [10] (b) ‘ ͑ Uthman’s greatest achievement as caliph was the compilation of the Qur’an’. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons to support your answer. [4] … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

3(a) ‘Uthman was the third caliph of Islam. Write an account of his election and the administration of his caliphate. Use the AO1 Marking Grid Candidates may include some of the following information. All other relevant information must be credited. ‘Uthman was elected from a panel of six respected members of the community of Madina that ‘Umar had set up on his deathbed. The names of these six men were: ‘Ali, Talha, Zubayr, ‘Uthman, Sa’ad ibn Abi Waqas and Abdul Rahman ibn Awf. From this select council, Abdul Rahman ibn Awf withdrew his name to act as Chairman; Talha who was not in Madina at the time could not take part in the electoral meetings and the choice narrowed down between ‘Uthman and ‘Ali. Abdul Rahman put a question to both candidates and having heard their responses chose ‘Uthman as caliph. ‘Ali was amongst the first to offer his allegiance to ‘Uthman who after taking bait of the Muslims in the Prophet’s mosque made a short speech promising to faithfully follow the Qur’an, Sunnah and the practices of the deceased Caliphs. ‘Uthman proved himself to be a skilful administrator. His administration can be divided in two parts, the first 6 years were seen as very successful and the last six years had some issues. He began his caliphate by adding 100 Dirhams to the annual stipends and by increasing the control of the central government over garrison cities. He launched a diligent inspection of accounts and overhauled the Diwan salary rolls. He also gradually split the immense responsibility of the provincial governors who doubled as army commanders and created a new post of financial administrators. ‘Uthman established a Permanent Secretariat and appointed an Inspector of Markets. Embankments were constructed to prevent Madina from being flooded and a systematic extension and provision of clean water; constructed purpose-built markets whose rents were used to feed the poor. As part of ‘Uthman’s administrative reforms additional land was bought so that state owned horses and camels could be conveniently pastured, construction of state stables, guest houses were made and a port at Jeddah was built 10 3(a) ‘Uthman also relaxed the austere measures put in place by ‘Umar and allowed Arabs to acquire lands in conquered territories. Candidates may refer to the issues of the last 6 years of his administration which were a direct result of ‘Uthman appointing his relatives/tribesmen in important government posts and not overseeing their actions closely. ‘Uthman not addressing the complaints against his governors and administration could be written about when discussing his administration. 3(b) ‘Uthman’s greatest achievement as caliph was the compilation of the Qur’an’. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. Use the AO2 Marking Grid Candidates may include some of the following information. All other relevant information must be credited. Candidates need to either agree or disagree with the above statement which needs to be supported by sound reasoning. If they agree with the statement, they could say that had ‘Uthman not compiled the Qur’an differences may have arisen in the Muslim community on its accuracy and led to rifts. If they disagree they could say that his establishment of a Permanent Secretariat with an Inspector of Markets was his most important achievement as this role continued in the Islamic world till very recently. 4 To earn marks for part (a), you need to provide a detailed account of 'Uthman's election process, including the key figures involved, and describe the administration of his caliphate, potentially dividing it into different periods. For part (b), you must state whether you agree or disagree with the statement about the Qur'an's compilation being his greatest achievement and provide specific reasons to support your stance.

3 (a) Write a detailed account of the Battle of the Camel. [10] (b) What was the most serious consequence of this battle to the Muslims at the time it was fought? Give reasons to support your answer. [4] … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

3(a) Write a detailed account of the Battle of the Camel. Use the AO1 Marking Grid Candidates may include some of the following information. All other relevant information must be credited. This battle was fought in 656.Talha and Zubayr who were among the first to pledge loyalty to ‘Ali turned against him and raised a cry for vengeance for the blood of ‘Uthman. They were joined in this opposition by A’isha. Together they raised an army of 900 men and marched towards Basra. ‘Ali left Madina with a force of 600 men and headed for the camping ground halfway between the two garrison cities from where he sent his son Hasan to Kufa to gather support. Despite Abu Musa’s instruction to his men to remain neutral they joined Hasan and he was able to lead 7000 men to his father’s support. Negotiations took place between the two sides and were successful but in the night mischief makers from both sides urged the soldiers to fight and war began. Talha and Zubayr were both martyred. Talha was killed from behind by Marwan bin Hakam with an arrow and Zubayr was killed after he left the battlefield. The battle raged around the camel of A’isha who was directing the fight. 40 men lost their lives guarding the camel of A’isha and finally ‘Ali gave the order for the camel to be brought down. As the camel fell Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr who was fighting on ‘Ali’s side rushed to help his sister and was asked by ‘Ali to escort A’isha back to Madina. The Battle of Camel was won by ‘Ali. 10 3(b) What was the most serious consequence of this battle to the Muslims at the time it was fought? Give reasons to support your answer. Use the AO2 Marking Grid Candidates may include some of the following information. All other relevant information must be credited. Candidates need to say what the most serious consequence of this battle was and back their choice with reasons. It could be said that this was the first civil war fought amongst Muslims and broke the unity of the umma. Another view could be that the strong opposition ‘Ali faced from Talha, Zubayr and A’isha emboldened Mu’awiyah to oppose the caliph. The capital of the Islamic caliphate was moved from Madina to Kufa could be given as another consequence of this battle. 4 To earn marks, students must provide a detailed narrative of the Battle of the Camel, including key figures, events, and outcomes. For part (b), they need to identify the most serious consequence of the battle and provide reasons to support their choice.

4 (a) Write in detail about the Battle of Siffin and the events that led up to it. [10] (b) In your opinion, what was the main consequence of this battle? Give reasons to support your answer. [4] … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

4(a) Write in detail about the Battle of Siffin and the events that led up to it. Use the AO1 Marking Grid Candidates may include some of the following information. All other relevant information must be credited. ‘Ali faced opposition upon assuming caliphate. He was accused of delaying taking revenge of ‘Uthman’s murder which led to the Battle of the Camel, the first civil war of Islam fought between Aisha and ‘Ali in which the latter was victorious. ‘Ali’s dismissal of all the governors appointed by ‘Uthman infuriated Mu’awiyah the Governor of Syria who was also the cousin of ‘Uthman. He refused to step down saying he had been appointed during the caliphate of ‘Umar. The struggle for power and Mu’awiyah wanting the assassins of ‘Uthman to be brought to justice led to the Battle of Siffin. The Battle of Siffin was fought in 657.The caliph led the army out of Kufa and met Mu’awiyah’s forces at Siffin. Negotiations failed and ‘Ali asked Mu’awiyah to resolve their differences by single combat, but this dangerous offer was turned down by Mu’awiyah. Individual combats were fought which proved indecisive. The actual battle started on 8th Safar. ‘Ali led his army from the centre surrounded by the men from Madina, with the army of Kufa forming one wing and that of Basra the other wing. For three days and nights and a morning the fighting ensued with severe loss of life on both sides. By the fourth day it seemed that ‘Ali’s army would be victorious when Mu’awiyah’s troops rode out between the battle lines with open copies of the Qur’an tied to the heads of their lances saying: ‘Let the word of Allah decide between us and you. Who will defend the border towns of Syria if we are slain and who will protect the people of Iraq after you are gone? Let the book of Allah judge between you and us.’ ‘Ali and his commanders feared that this was a trick by Mu’awiyah to delay his defeat and urged their men to fight but they refused. It was agreed to settle the dispute by arbitration. Account of the arbitration is not needed in the answer as the question focuses on the Battle of Siffin and the events that led up to it. 10 4(b) In your opinion, what was the main consequence of this battle? Use the AO2 Marking Grid Candidates may include some of the following information. All other relevant information must be credited. Candidates need to give their view as to what in their opinion was the main consequence of this battle’s outcome and its effect. They could say that it diminished ‘Ali’s authority; that it gave rise to the kharijites who caused further divisions in the umma and led to the assassination of ‘Ali. 4 To earn marks for part (a), students must provide a detailed account of the Battle of Siffin, including the key events and the circumstances that led up to the conflict. For part (b), students need to state their opinion on the main consequence of the battle and provide supporting reasons for their viewpoint.

Cambridge IGCSE Islamiyat · 0493

IGCSE Islamiyat (0493) The period of rule of the Rightly Guided Caliphs and their importance as leaders past paper questions

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