2 (a) Write about the way in which the Qur’an and Sunna are used in Islamic Law. [10] (b) Give one example where using ijma or qiyas has been significant for Muslims today. [4] … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

2(a) Write about the way in which the Qur’an and Sunna are used in Islamic Law. Use the AO1 Marking Grid Candidates may include some of the following information. All other relevant information must be credited. The Qur’an is the foremost authority in Islamic Law as it is the word of God. It contains the main teachings and guidance for humankind about Islam, in matters of faith and worship, rulings relating to what is right and wrong, family life, etc. It is considered as the final message sent by God, so it is therefore complete in its teaching and guidance. It is also protected by God and so is unchangeable in its teachings and rulings: ‘We have, without doubt, sent down the Message; and We will assuredly guard it (from corruption).’ [Sura 15.9]. Therefore, it cannot be questioned or contradicted by the other sources. The Sunna is the Prophet’s example and is recorded in the Hadith. The Prophet (pbuh) was said by Ai’sha to be a ‘walking Qur’an’ and said, “Verily, the character of the Prophet of Allah was the Qur’an.” Qur’an and Hadith are interlinked so are the two main (primary) sources. Used together they identify the main principles of morality and action. Therefore, they are the authority for the foundation of legal matters. The Qur’an also states the importance of following the example of the Prophet (pbuh) [Sura 3.31–32]. Say, ‘If you love God, follow me, and God will love you and forgive you your sins; God is most forgiving, most merciful. Quran also states’ Say, ‘Obey God and the Messenger,’ but if they turn away, [know that] God does not love those who ignore [His commands]. The Qur’an and Hadith do not contradict each other, but rather complement one another, as the Hadith emphasise and expand on verses in the Qur’an. For example, zakat and salat are mentioned in the Qur’an but the way in which they should be performed is detailed by the Hadith. The Qur’an clearly prohibits interest, however, the Prophet (pbuh) explained what constitutes interest after observing the tactics of traders in the markets. Hadith are also used when the Qur’an is silent on a matter, for example, inheritance given to grandmothers is not specifically mentioned in the Qur’an, but it is explained by Hadith. The Qur’an mentions things that are not to be eaten, but the Hadith provides elaboration, for example, saying that anything with fangs and talons can’t be eaten. The meat of donkeys being haram is also derived from the Hadith. Hadith provide exceptions to the absolute rulings of the Qur’an, for example, the Qur’an asks to cut the hands of thieves, whereas the Hadith provide all rules regarding exceptions, such as the amount stolen, which hand should be cut and where it should be cut. 10 2(a) Similarly, the matters not established by the Qur’an such as punishment of certain offences like drinking, etc., were settled through the Hadith of the Prophet (pbuh). Description or details or examples of ijma or qiyas are not relevant. 2(b) Give one example where using ijma or qiyas has been significant for Muslims today. Use the AO2 Marking Grid Candidates may include one of the following examples. All other relevant information must be credited. Candidates can provide other examples but should elaborate on the significance of the example used. Some of the issues they may write about are: Nail polish – using analogy from the Hadith where Ai’sha had flour on her nails which prevented her from making ablution (wudu’), scholars have said that nail polish is a similar barrier and whilst it is on nails, ablution won’t be valid. This is significant because purification is required for prayer, so those who want to wear nail polish need to take this into consideration. It is significant because wearing nail polish is fashionable and many people want to wear it, but anyone wearing it would have to remove it before wudu’. Due to the desire to wear it without compromising religious practices, ‘breathable’ nail polishes have become available on the market. Intoxicants – using analogy from the Qur’an which says intoxicants, particularly from grapes, are impermissible, scholars have deemed other intoxicants which have a similar effect to be impermissible too. Alternative examples include other types of alcohol, even if not made from grapes, and drugs that make a person lose control of their senses. This is significant because there are now many different types of alcohol and drugs that have been created, and so it gives Muslims a clearer idea of what they need to avoid. IVF – using ijma, scholars deemed IVF as permissible, despite it being a very invasive procedure, although restrictions were also made regarding the donors who should only be the married couple seeking to have children. This is significant for Muslims now, as there are many couples who are not able to conceive naturally, and it offers them a chance to have a family without feeling that they are going against their religious beliefs. Candidates could also give examples of two adhans, during Friday prayers or marriage prohibition to grandmother and granddaughter. 4

1 Choose any two of the following Hadiths, and: (a) describe their teaching about what Muslims believe; [4] (b) explain how Muslims can put these teachings into action. [4] (i) The Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and give him peace) sent Abu Musa and Mu’adh ibn Jabal to Yaman, and he sent each of them to govern a part. Then he said: ‘Be gentle and do not be hard, and cause rejoicing and do not alienate.’ (ii) May God show mercy to a man who is kindly when he sells, when he buys, and when he demands his money back. (iii) ‘Religion is sincerity.’ We said: ‘To whom?’ The Prophet said: ‘To Allah, his Book, his Messenger, the leaders of the Muslims and to their common people.’ (iv) Whosoever of you sees an evil action, let him change it with his hand, and if he is not able to do so then with his tongue, and if he is not able to do so then with his heart, and that is the weakest of faith. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

1(a) describe their teaching about what Muslims believe; Use the AO1 Marking Grid (i) The teaching given in this Hadith is specifically focused on the responsibilities of Muslim rulers. It tells them to work for the welfare and prosperity of their people and that they should show kindness and justice towards the people they govern. This Hadith also carries the broader instruction given specifically to the two emissaries of the Prophet (pbuh) to impart religious instruction with gentleness so that people are more inclined towards Islam. The Prophet (pbuh) said, ‘The best rulers are those whom you love, and they love you.’ (ii) This Hadith clearly shows that God wants His creation to show humanity and kindness in all aspects of life including financial and business dealings. Honesty, fairness and kindness should be the guiding principles of every business transaction, this is the important teaching given in this Hadith. The mercy shown to fellow beings is rewarded by God Himself. In another Hadith the Prophet (pbuh) says, ‘You should be kind to those on earth and He who is in the Heavens will be kind to you’. (iii) The key word in this Hadith is nasihah which means sincerity/advice. The Prophet (pbuh) is telling Muslims to show sincerity to God, His Messenger, His Book, the leaders of the community and to the common man. The teaching in this Hadith emphasises that all actions that are done must be backed by sincere faith for them to be meaningful. For example, sincerity to God can be shown by keeping faith in Him at the most difficult of times and not by simply saying I believe in God. Muslims being sincere to the Prophet (pbuh) means acknowledging him as the last Prophet and making an effort to learn about his life and struggles and having respect for him. Sincerity to the Qur’an means believing that it is the sacred book of God. The righteous leaders should be obeyed and compassion must be shown to humanity at large. These acts will lead to the true practice of Islam and make our faith sincere. Other aspects of the Hadith could be explained to bring out the teaching of the Hadith in full. (iv) Islam does not encourage complacency but instead promotes action. The teaching given in this Hadith is that a Muslim must always remove, or at the very least try to remove, evil from society. The Hadith refers to the obligation of Muslims to tackle evil in order to remove it. Acting against removal of evil is recommended but if it causes tribulations then one should use one’s speech against it and if that is not possible condemn the evil in one’s heart. 4 1(b) explain how Muslims can put these teachings into action. Use the AO2 Marking Grid (i) Rulers and people in authority should bear in mind that ultimate authority lies with God and that positions of authority should be considered as a trust from God. Muslim governments and rulers should be fair in their actions, promote peace and justice in the land and base their authority on Islamic principles and tolerance of other faiths. A man once complained to the Prophet (pbuh) that Mu’adh ibn Jabal recited long Suras in prayer, which caused him hardship as he did manual work all day and by night was tired. The Prophet (pbuh) instructed Mu’adh to recite shorter Suras when leading prayers. (ii) This Hadith can be acted upon by conducting all trade and business dealings fairly and honestly. By showing leniency if a debtor needs extra time to repay a debt. By not selling substandard or defective products. It is said ‘Uthman gave more in weight and measures when selling commodities and paid more than the asking price when purchasing goods saying that God had given him more then he needed. Examples from present day can be given to support the answer. (iii) Muslims can show sincerity towards God by believing in His Oneness and by living according to His Sharia. Sincerity to the Prophet (pbuh) can be shown by following his Sunna, by living modestly as he did. To the Qur’an by reading it and understanding its content and acting upon its teachings. Likewise, they can go on to add how Muslims can act sincerely towards the leaders of the community and the common man. Practical examples will help develop the answer. (iv) Examples from the candidate’s life or present times can be given to show how the teaching of this Hadith can be implemented. Reporting corruption e.g. electricity theft or bribes being paid to attain jobs or cheating in an exam are a few examples that can be given. 4 To earn marks for part (a), students must describe the specific teaching of two chosen Hadiths regarding Muslim beliefs, demonstrating understanding of their core message. For part (b), students need to explain practical ways Muslims can apply these teachings in their daily lives, showing how belief translates into action.

1 Choose any two of the following Hadiths, and: (a) describe their teaching about what Muslims believe [4] (b) explain how Muslims can put these teachings into action. [4] (i) It was said: O Messenger of Allah, who is the most excellent of men? The Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and give him peace) said: ‘The believer who strives hard in the way of Allah with his person and his property.’ (ii) He who studies the Qur’an is like the owner of tethered camels. If he attends to them he will keep hold of them, but if he lets them loose they will go away. (iii) God does not look at your forms and your possessions, but he looks at your hearts and your deeds. (iv) The believers are like a single man; if his eye is affected he is affected, and if his head is affected he is all affected. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

1(a) describe their teaching about what Muslims believe; Use the AO1 Marking Grid (i) The teaching of this Hadith gives a distinguished place to a believer who struggles in the way of God. A believer can sacrifice for God in many ways, with his person, wealth and property. The purpose, however, should be to establish a just society that lives according to the rules of God. Candidates could expand on the ways in which a Muslim can strive in God’s way with his person and say how God compensates for what has been spent in His way. (ii) The teaching given in this Hadith focuses on the importance of reading the Qur’an and understanding its meaning. The Qur’an is a source of complete guidance and a believer is required to establish a strong link with it by reading, understanding and living according to its teachings. Candidates could refer to the analogy of tethered camels given in the Hadith and explain it. (iii) The only connection between God and His creation is through taqwa (God consciousness). Whosoever has more taqwa is closer and honourable in the eyes of God is the key message of this Hadith. Everything a person has, their appearance, wealth, family, honour is God given so He does not take them into account. What He does take into account is sincerity of intention and He rewards deeds based on what is in the heart. 4 1(a) (iv) This Hadiths teaching focuses on the concept of brotherhood in Islam. It teaches Muslims about how to live together in a community and how to behave with one another with care and concern. It stresses upon unity and fraternity amongst Muslims by stating that just as the brain is the command centre and vital to humans, brotherhood is essential to Muslims as Muslims are joined together in a fraternity by their common faith. 1(b) Explain how Muslims can put these teachings into action. Use the AO2 Marking Grid (i) A person may strive in God’s way in many different ways in his/her daily life. • A person may strive in God’s way by spending time in worship or by doing social work in the community; • By using one’s wealth and resources a believer can spread education and remove ignorance about Islam, build mosques; • Raise awareness of the peaceful teachings of Islam. (ii) The teachings given in this Hadith can be put into action by reading the Qur’an daily, by understanding the meaning of what is being read and implementing the Qur’an’s teaching in one’s life. It could also be acted upon by teaching the Qur’an to others. One’s faith would be weakened if he/she neglected. (iii) This Hadith can be implemented when a believer’s every action is based on seeking God’s pleasure. When charity is given the objective behind it should be to help another fellow being and to please God by the act as He wants His creation to care for and look after each other. Sincerity of actions is the right way to implement the teachings given in the Hadith. Examples will help develop the answer. (iv) The teaching given in the Hadith can be acted upon by being aware of the sufferings of fellow Muslims and by trying to alleviate that suffering. The best example of brotherhood is the one established by the Prophet (pbuh) between the Muhajireen and the Ansars. The Ansars were extremely generous and ready to share their possessions and families with their Muslim brothers. Muslims today can help other Muslims suffering in war torn countries by feeling their pain and helping them in whatever way possible. 4 To earn marks, students must describe the teaching of two chosen Hadiths, explaining what Muslims believe based on each, and then detail how Muslims can practically apply these teachings in their lives.

2 (a) Write a detailed account of the two components of Hadiths: • chain of transmission (isnad) and • text (matn) [10] (b) Both of these components are equally important for establishing the authenticity of Hadiths. Do you agree? Give reasons to support your answer. [4] … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

2(a) Write a detailed account of the two components of Hadiths: • chain of transmission (isnad) and • text (matn) Use the AO1 Marking Grid Candidates may include some of the following information. All other relevant information must be credited. Each Hadith is made up of two major components: isnad and matn. Both these parts are of importance and studied by Hadith compilers when establishing the genuineness of a Hadith. The first part of a Hadith consists of the chain of names through which it has been received, which is called sanad. The chain can have a few names or a long list. In some cases Hadiths were narrated from one generation to another. In which case the compiler had to examine the line of transmission very carefully. Specific rules were developed to check the authenticity of the Hadiths that were transmitted. Candidates need to write about what these rules were in some detail. Rules to check isnad: • The line of narrator had to be checked to see that it went back to the Prophet (pbuh). • The narrator had to be known for his piety, sound memory, integrity etc. • The fewer the narrators in a chain the stronger the Hadith was, as there was less chance of misinterpretation. • The sciences of Ilm ul Hadith was developed to scrutinise the narrators and their teachers in detail. An account of what stipulations were set by early compilers to rate a Hadith as valid or trustworthy on the basis of its matn should be given in the second part of the answer. Here rules of checking matn need to be given by the candidate. Rules to check matn: • The matn had to be consistent with the Qur’an. • It had to be in agreement with accepted facts. • It should not contradict accepted Hadiths. • It should not be against common sense or logic. • It should not praise a particular tribe or place. • A hadith that went against the Prophet or his family was also rejected. It is the matn of a Hadith which distinguishes Hadith Qudsi from Hadith Nabawi and could be written about which should be read as development of the answer. 10 2(b) Both of these components are equally important for establishing the authenticity of Hadiths. Do you agree? Give reasons to support your answer. Use the AO2 Marking Grid Candidates may include some of the following information. All other relevant information must be credited. An evaluative response is being looked for, the candidates could vary in their responses by either saying that both parts were equally important, or they could say either one was more important than the other. However they choose to answer this question, they must back their choice with reasons. If they say matn is more important they could support this by saying that in a weak Hadith the chain of transmission may have gaps but the message is an important one which is conveyed by the text. Such Hadiths are useful in matters of moral guidance. In legal matters Hadiths will need to have a strong isnad and matn on account of the seriousness of the decision. 4

2 (a) Write about the importance of knowing the Prophet’s Hadiths and following his Sunna for Muslims. [10] (b) Why are belief and action both important for Muslims? Give reasons to support your answer. [4] … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

2(a) Write about the importance of knowing the Prophet’s Hadiths and following his Sunna for Muslims. Use the AO1 Marking Grid Candidates may include some of the following information. All other relevant information must be credited. It could be said that the Prophet’s Hadiths are an important source of explaining the Qur’an and expanding on the brief teachings given in it. For example, the Qur’an stresses the need to offer prayers but it is the Hadith/Sunna of the Prophet (pbuh) that tells Muslims how to perform salat and what to read in it. How to pay zakat, perform hajj are all found in the Hadith and the Sunna of the Prophet (pbuh). Hadiths are also a primary source of Sharia law after the Qur’an. The Prophet’s Hadiths provide principles regarding many aspects of law i.e. trading, marriage, inheritance etc. Some examples of the Prophet’s instruction in making Sharia law are: ‘No zakat is payable on a property until a year passes on it’ and ‘A Muslim may not inherit from a non-Muslim, nor a non-Muslim from a Muslim’. The Prophet’s Hadiths have been a source of guidance to Muslims throughout the ages and even today are most useful in putting one’s faith in practice and in the use of ijma and qiyas. The importance of following the Prophet’s Sunna lies in the fact that God Himself asks Muslims to do so. The Qur’an itself says, ‘Obey Allah and obey the Prophet’ [64:12]. By following the Sunna of the Prophet (pbuh) Muslims hope to walk the path of righteousness. The Prophet (pbuh) also instructed Muslims to follow his Sunna in his last sermon. Muslims try to follow his Sunna out of love for him. 10 2(b) Why are belief and action both important for Muslims? Give reasons to support your answer. Use the AO2 Marking Grid Candidates may include some of the following information. All other relevant information must be credited. Candidates can say that belief and action are both important for Muslims because the Qur’an itself instructs Muslims to act on their beliefs in several passages. It could also be said that belief is only sincere when put into action. To elaborate this view, they could say that belief in God is meaningful only when a Muslim believes in His Oneness, is obedient to His commands and worships Him. 4

Cambridge IGCSE Islamiyat · 0493

IGCSE Islamiyat (0493) The history and importance of the Hadiths past paper questions

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The history and importance of the Hadiths in IGCSE Islamiyat 0493 exams, 2020–2025

Across 2020–2025, The history and importance of the Hadiths accounted for 36 questions worth 438 marks in Cambridge IGCSE Islamiyat (0493) papers.