1 Fig. 1.1 is a diagram of the human gas exchange system. A region B Fig. 1.1 (a) (i) Identify using a label line and a label on Fig. 1.1: • a lung • the diaphragm. [2] (ii) State the name of structure A in Fig. 1.1. … [1] (iii) Oxygen molecules pass through structure A on their way to the red blood cells. State the names of three other structures in the gas exchange system that oxygen molecules must pass through on their way to the red blood cells. 1 … 2 … 3 … [3] (iv) State the name of the process that moves oxygen into the red blood cells. … [1] (b) Fig. 1.2 is a magnified image of the exchange surface shown in region B in Fig. 1.1. Fig. 1.2 (i) State the name of the main blood vessel that delivers blood to the lungs. … [1] (ii) The gas exchange surface shown in Fig. 1.2 is permeable to make gas exchange efficient. List two other features of gas exchange surfaces. 1 … 2 … [2] (c) Oxygen concentration is higher in inspired air than in expired air. State one other way the composition of inspired air differs from the composition of expired air. … [1] [Total: 11]

1(a)(i) lung correctly identified with a label and a label line ; diaphragm correctly identified with a label and a label line ; 2 1(a)(ii) trachea ; 1 1(a)(iii) any three from : mouth / nose ; larynx ; bronchus / bronchi ; bronchioles ; alveoli ; capillary wall / AW ; plasma ; 3 1(a)(iv) diffusion ; 1 1(b)(i) pulmonary artery ; 1 1(b)(ii) any two from : large surface area ; thin / one cell thick / AW ; good blood supply / many capillaries ; short diffusion, distance / pathway ; 2 1(c) lower carbon dioxide concentration / less water vapour ; 1 To earn marks, you must correctly identify and label the lung and diaphragm on the diagram using both a label line and a label. You also need to name structure A as the trachea, list three other correct structures oxygen passes through (e.g., nose, larynx, bronchi), state 'diffusion' as the process, and identify the 'pulmonary artery' as the main blood vessel. Finally, you must provide two correct features of the exchange surface, such as large surface area or thin walls.

1 (a) Complete the sentence about the nervous system. The brain and spinal cord form the … nervous system and the nerves coming into and out of the spinal cord are part of the … nervous system. [1] (b) Fig. 1.1 shows part of a human eye and three neurones that conduct electrical impulses between the eye and the brain. These neurones are involved in the pupil reflex. K J H G F E D A not to scale B C Fig. 1.1 (i) State the type of neurone identified as A in Fig. 1.1. … [1] (ii) Table 1.1 shows the names of some parts of the eye, their functions and the letters in Fig. 1.1 that identify the parts of the eye. Complete Table 1.1. Table 1.1 part of the eye function letter in Fig. 1.1 suspensory ligament G contracts in response to a bright light cornea contains a high density of cones for colour vision [4] (c) (i) The eye can adjust how light is refracted through it in order to focus on a near object. State one process that uses energy when focusing on a near object. … [1] (ii) Mitochondria require oxygen to release energy. Oxygen is transported to cells in the eye by red blood cells. State the name of the molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen. … [1] (iii) Explain how oxygen in the capillaries reaches the cells in the eye. … … … … … [2] (d) Eyelashes and eyelids are mechanical barriers that help to prevent particles and pathogens entering the eye. (i) Give two other mechanical barriers that defend the body against pathogens. 1 … 2 … [2] (ii) State the name of the white blood cells that digest pathogens. … [1] (iii) Conjunctivitis can be caused by pathogens and affects the tissues lining the eyelids and covering the sclera. People with conjunctivitis that is caused by a pathogen can develop active immunity. Explain why the shape of specific parts of a pathogen is important in the development of active immunity. … … … … … … … [3] (e) Most insects and some crustaceans have compound eyes. State the name of the group that contains insects and crustaceans. … [1] [Total: 17]

1(a) central and peripheral (nervous system) ; 1 1(b)(i) motor ; 1 1(b)(ii) ;;;; part of the eye function letter in Fig. 1.1 suspensory ligament • controls / changes, shape / size, thickness, of lens • ref. to accommodation / focusing • attachment of lens to ciliary muscles G circular muscles / iris contracts in response to a bright light E cornea refracts / bends, light D fovea contains a high density of cones for colour vision J 4 one mark per row 1(c)(i) (ciliary muscles) contract / conduction of (nerve) impulses ; 1 1(c)(ii) haemoglobin ; 1 1(c)(iii) any two from: diffusion (across cell membranes) ; down concentration gradient / AW ; passive process / (use of) kinetic energy / random movement of molecules ; through a thin capillary wall ; 2 1(d)(i) any two from: hairs in the nose ; skin ; AVP ; 2 1(d)(ii) phagocytes ; 1 1(d)(iii) (different) pathogens / antigens, have different / unique shapes ; pathogens have antigens ; lymphocytes, produce (specific) antibodies ; antibodies are, complementary / specific to, antigens ; antibodies, mark / destroy, pathogens ; ref. to memory cells ; 3 1(e) arthropods ; 1

1 (a) Fish, mammals and birds are all groups of vertebrates. (i) State the names of the two other main groups of vertebrates. … and … [1] (ii) Complete Table 1.1 to compare the features of fish, mammals and birds. Table 1.1 feature fish mammals birds organ involved in gas exchange gills lungs circulatory system double body covering fur presence of external ears (pinnae) no [3] (b) Fig. 1.1 is a micrograph of part of some fish gills. magnification ×110 Fig. 1.1 Fish gills are adapted for gas exchange by diffusion. (i) Define the term diffusion. … … … … … [2] (ii) Suggest one adaptation, visible in Fig. 1.1, that shows that fish gills are efficient structures for gas exchange by diffusion. … … … [1] (c) Some pollutants decrease the concentration of dissolved oxygen in rivers. This can result in the death of fish. (i) State one type of pollutant that can result in a decrease in the concentration of dissolved oxygen in rivers. … [1] (ii) Researchers investigated the effect of the concentration of dissolved oxygen in water on gas diffusion distance in tissues. The thickness of fish gills was used to determine the gas diffusion distance. The researchers changed the concentration of dissolved oxygen by bubbling different concentrations of oxygen into water. The temperature of the water was kept constant at 15 °C. Their results are shown in Fig. 1.2. 0.0 7 8 9 10 11 12 6 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 dissolved oxygen concentration / mg per dm3 gas diffusion distance / μm Fig. 1.2 Fig. 1.3 shows the relationship between the concentration of dissolved oxygen and water temperature. 6 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 7 8 9 10 11 temperature / °C dissolved oxygen concentration / mg per dm3 12 Fig. 1.3 Complete steps 1 to 3 to determine the effect on gas diffusion distance of increasing the temperature of the water from 15 °C to 25 °C. Step 1 Find the concentration of dissolved oxygen from Fig. 1.3 at: 15 °C: … mg per dm3 25 °C: … mg per dm3 Step 2 Use the values from step 1 to find the gas diffusion distances from Fig. 1.2: … µm … µm Step 3 Calculate the difference in the values from step 2. … µm [3] [Total: 11]

1(a)(i) reptiles and amphibians ; 1 1(a)(ii) one mark per row: feature fish mammals birds organ involved in gas exchange gills lungs lungs ; circulatory system single double double ; body covering scales fur feathers ; presence of external ears (pinnae) no yes no ; 3 1(b)(i) (net) movement of particles, from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration / down a concentration gradient ; as a result of their random movement ; 2 1(b)(ii) any one from: large surface (area) / AW ; thin ; 1 1(c)(i) nitrate (ions) / sewage / fertilisers / AVP ; 1 1(c)(ii) 15 °C – 8.9 ± 0.1 (mg per dm3) and 25 °C – 7.3 ± 0.1 (mg per dm3) ; 2.35 ± 0.05 (μm) and 1.95 ± 0.05 (μm) ; (–)0.4 (in μm) ; 3 ecf from readings in MP1 for MP2 and MP3 (a)(i) To earn this mark, you need to state the names of the two other main groups of vertebrates, which are reptiles and amphibians. (a)(ii) To earn these marks, you must correctly complete each row of the table: state 'lungs' for birds' gas exchange organ, 'single' for fish's circulatory system, 'feathers' for birds' body covering, and 'yes' for mammals' external ears. (b)(i) To earn these marks, you must define diffusion as the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration, and mention that this occurs due to their random movement. (b)(ii) To earn this mark, you need to suggest one visible adaptation from the image, such as a large surface area or thinness, that makes fish gills efficient for gas exchange.

1 Fig. 1.1 shows several villi from the ileum, which is part of the small intestine. (a) State the name of one other part of the small intestine. … [1] lacteal goblet cells area enlarged in Fig. 1.2 Fig. 1.1 Fig. 1.2 shows the tip of a villus in more detail. goblet cell microvilli epithelial cells Fig. 1.2 (b) The epithelial cells of the villi absorb nutrients by diffusion and active transport. (i) Describe how active transport differs from diffusion. … … … … … [3] (ii) Explain the importance of the microvilli shown in Fig. 1.2. … … … … … [2] (c) Goblet cells provide protection for the epithelial cells that line the intestine. (i) State the name of the protective substance produced by goblet cells. … [1] (ii) Suggest why a protective substance is necessary in the intestines. … … … … … [2] (d) Fig. 1.1 shows a lacteal in the centre of each villus. Describe the roles of lacteals. … … … … … [2] (e) Complete Table 1.1 by identifying the level of organisation of each structure. Choose your answers from the list. Each word or phrase may be used once, more than once or not at all. cell cell structure organ organ system organism tissue Table 1.1 structure level of organisation gall bladder endoplasmic reticulum intestinal epithelium ileum [4] (f) Many fungi are decomposers that feed on dead plants. The fungi secrete enzymes to digest large molecules. Students made an extract from a species of fungus. The extract contained digestive enzymes. The students carried out an investigation to find out if amylase and pectinase were present in the fungal extract. They made agar plates by filling Petri dishes with agar jelly containing either starch or pectin. They cut four holes of the same size in the agar jelly in each Petri dish. The holes in each Petri dish contained the same volume of: A – 1% amylase solution B – 1% pectinase solution C – distilled water D – fungal extract. The Petri dishes were kept at 27 °C for four days. After this time a dye was poured into each dish to stain the areas where starch and pectin remained. Fig. 1.3 shows drawings of the stained agar in the Petri dishes. The clear zones indicate the areas where no starch or pectin remained. A B C D D C B A Key: stained area clear zone hole in agar jelly Petri dish containing pectin in agar jelly Petri dish containing starch in agar jelly Fig. 1.3 (i) State what conclusions can be made about the enzymes in the fungal extract and give evidence from Fig. 1.3 to support your conclusions. … … … … … … … … … … … [5] (ii) The investigation was repeated but at 5 °C instead of at 27 °C. Predict the effect of the lower temperature on the results. … … … [1] [Total: 21]

1(a) duodenum ; 1 1(b)(i) any three from: ref. to membrane for active transport ; uses (chemical) energy ; energy from, the cell / respiration / mitochondria ; (substances move) against concentration gradient / low to high concentration ; using / AW, proteins / carriers (in membranes) ; 3 1(b)(ii) idea of more (cell) membrane / large surface (area) ; allow, increased rate of / fast, absorption (of nutrients) ; 2 1(c)(i) mucus ; 1 1(c)(ii) any two from: (to protect the intestine from) bacteria / viruses / microorganisms / parasites / pathogens ; (named) toxin(s) ; (named) enzymes / prevents self digestion ; (hydrochloric) acid / alkali / base / extreme pH ; physical damage by food passing through intestine / AW ; 2 1(d) absorbs, fats / fatty acids (and glycerol) ; transports, fats / fatty acids, into, lymph(atic) vessels / lymph(atic) system / lymph ; 2 1(e) organ ; cell structure ; tissue ; organ ; 4 1(f)(i) conclusions 1 fungal extract contains amylase and pectinase ; 2 clear zone is where substrate has been, digested / broken down ; 3 extract has a higher concentration than 1% of amylase ; 4 extract has lower concentration than 1% of pectinase ; 5 extract has, higher concentration of / more, amylase than pectinase ; evidence - can refer to what is in the wells (A to D) 6 D / fungal extract, in both Petri dishes has clear zones (MP1) ; 7 no staining in clear zones shows that enzyme was active (MP2) ; 8 size of clear zone, D / with fungal extract, is bigger than A / amylase solution (MP3) ; 9 size of clear zone, D / with fungal extract, is smaller than B / pectinase solution (MP4) ; 10 clear zone in, D / with fungal extract, is larger in the plate containing starch than in the plate containing pectin (MP5) ; 11 enzymes, diffuse / move, through the agar ; 12 greater the clear area the greater, the activity / concentration, of the enzyme ; 13 no clearance / no breakdown / no change, with water ; 5 MP3 ignore more effective If awarding MP3 and MP4, then award MP1 as well; if awarding MP5 also award MP1 MP8 A more digested MP9 A less digested 1(f)(ii) (same pattern but) smaller / no, clear zones ; 1

Cambridge IGCSE Biology · 0610

IGCSE Biology (0610) Movement into and out of cells past paper questions

These questions cover diffusion, osmosis, and active transport, including the osmosis experiments.

225 free questions from 2017–2021, each with its marking scheme. Open the full topical bank to filter by subtopic, paper, and year.

Movement into and out of cells in IGCSE Biology 0610 exams, 2020–2025

Across 2020–2025, Movement into and out of cells accounted for 305 questions worth 1,552 marks in Cambridge IGCSE Biology (0610) papers.

By year
Year	Questions	Marks
2020	53	282
2021	49	273
2022	54	324
2023	54	222
2024	55	261
2025	40	190

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2021 May/Jun · Paper 3 · Q1 · 11 marks
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2021 May/Jun · Paper 4 · Q1 · 17 marks
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2021 Oct/Nov · Paper 4 · Q1 · 11 marks
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2021 Oct/Nov · Paper 4 · Q1 · 21 marks
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2021 Feb/Mar · Paper 1 · Q7 · 1 mark
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Mark scheme — 2021 Paper 1 Q7
Answer: A
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