2 (a) Write about the way in which the Qur’an and Sunna are used in Islamic Law. [10] (b) Give one example where using ijma or qiyas has been significant for Muslims today. [4] … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

2(a) Write about the way in which the Qur’an and Sunna are used in Islamic Law. Use the AO1 Marking Grid Candidates may include some of the following information. All other relevant information must be credited. The Qur’an is the foremost authority in Islamic Law as it is the word of God. It contains the main teachings and guidance for humankind about Islam, in matters of faith and worship, rulings relating to what is right and wrong, family life, etc. It is considered as the final message sent by God, so it is therefore complete in its teaching and guidance. It is also protected by God and so is unchangeable in its teachings and rulings: ‘We have, without doubt, sent down the Message; and We will assuredly guard it (from corruption).’ [Sura 15.9]. Therefore, it cannot be questioned or contradicted by the other sources. The Sunna is the Prophet’s example and is recorded in the Hadith. The Prophet (pbuh) was said by Ai’sha to be a ‘walking Qur’an’ and said, “Verily, the character of the Prophet of Allah was the Qur’an.” Qur’an and Hadith are interlinked so are the two main (primary) sources. Used together they identify the main principles of morality and action. Therefore, they are the authority for the foundation of legal matters. The Qur’an also states the importance of following the example of the Prophet (pbuh) [Sura 3.31–32]. Say, ‘If you love God, follow me, and God will love you and forgive you your sins; God is most forgiving, most merciful. Quran also states’ Say, ‘Obey God and the Messenger,’ but if they turn away, [know that] God does not love those who ignore [His commands]. The Qur’an and Hadith do not contradict each other, but rather complement one another, as the Hadith emphasise and expand on verses in the Qur’an. For example, zakat and salat are mentioned in the Qur’an but the way in which they should be performed is detailed by the Hadith. The Qur’an clearly prohibits interest, however, the Prophet (pbuh) explained what constitutes interest after observing the tactics of traders in the markets. Hadith are also used when the Qur’an is silent on a matter, for example, inheritance given to grandmothers is not specifically mentioned in the Qur’an, but it is explained by Hadith. The Qur’an mentions things that are not to be eaten, but the Hadith provides elaboration, for example, saying that anything with fangs and talons can’t be eaten. The meat of donkeys being haram is also derived from the Hadith. Hadith provide exceptions to the absolute rulings of the Qur’an, for example, the Qur’an asks to cut the hands of thieves, whereas the Hadith provide all rules regarding exceptions, such as the amount stolen, which hand should be cut and where it should be cut. 10 2(a) Similarly, the matters not established by the Qur’an such as punishment of certain offences like drinking, etc., were settled through the Hadith of the Prophet (pbuh). Description or details or examples of ijma or qiyas are not relevant. 2(b) Give one example where using ijma or qiyas has been significant for Muslims today. Use the AO2 Marking Grid Candidates may include one of the following examples. All other relevant information must be credited. Candidates can provide other examples but should elaborate on the significance of the example used. Some of the issues they may write about are: Nail polish – using analogy from the Hadith where Ai’sha had flour on her nails which prevented her from making ablution (wudu’), scholars have said that nail polish is a similar barrier and whilst it is on nails, ablution won’t be valid. This is significant because purification is required for prayer, so those who want to wear nail polish need to take this into consideration. It is significant because wearing nail polish is fashionable and many people want to wear it, but anyone wearing it would have to remove it before wudu’. Due to the desire to wear it without compromising religious practices, ‘breathable’ nail polishes have become available on the market. Intoxicants – using analogy from the Qur’an which says intoxicants, particularly from grapes, are impermissible, scholars have deemed other intoxicants which have a similar effect to be impermissible too. Alternative examples include other types of alcohol, even if not made from grapes, and drugs that make a person lose control of their senses. This is significant because there are now many different types of alcohol and drugs that have been created, and so it gives Muslims a clearer idea of what they need to avoid. IVF – using ijma, scholars deemed IVF as permissible, despite it being a very invasive procedure, although restrictions were also made regarding the donors who should only be the married couple seeking to have children. This is significant for Muslims now, as there are many couples who are not able to conceive naturally, and it offers them a chance to have a family without feeling that they are going against their religious beliefs. Candidates could also give examples of two adhans, during Friday prayers or marriage prohibition to grandmother and granddaughter. 4

1 Choose any two of the following Hadiths, and: (a) describe their teaching about what Muslims believe; [4] (b) explain how Muslims can put these teachings into action. [4] (i) A man asked the Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and give him peace): Do you think that if I perform the obligatory prayers, fast in Ramadan, treat as lawful that which is lawful and treat as forbidden that which is forbidden, and do nothing further, I shall enter paradise? He said: Yes. (ii) Every person’s every joint must perform charity every day the sun comes up: to act justly between two people is a charity; to help a man with his mount, lifting him onto it or hoisting his belongings onto it is a charity; a good word is a charity; every step you take to prayers is a charity; and removing a harmful thing from the road is a charity. (iii) The Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and give him peace) said: ‘Whom do you count to be a martyr among you?’ They said: O Messenger of Allah, whoever is killed in the way of Allah is a martyr. He said: ‘In that case the martyrs of my community will be very few! He who is killed in the way of Allah is a martyr, he who dies a natural death in the way of Allah is a martyr, he who dies in the plague in the way of Allah is a martyr, he who dies of cholera in the way of Allah is a martyr.’ (iv) Modesty produces nothing but good. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

1(a) describe their teaching about what Muslims believe; Use the AO1 Marking Grid (i) The teaching given in this Hadith is that the minimum requirement for entering paradise is the fulfilment of the Pillars of Islam and by staying away from what God has made forbidden to humankind. Zakat and Hajj are two Pillars that are not mentioned in the Hadith as they are compulsory only for those who have the means to fulfil them. The important message of the Hadith is that Islam is a simple religion to follow and believers should not over burden themselves and should engage in optional ibadah as much as they comfortably can. (ii) The all-important teaching given in this Hadith is for Muslims to show compassion and care in society and to perform acts of charity. In this Hadith the Prophet (pbuh) has given a few examples of acts of charity (sadaqa) that Muslims can perform every day. The term charity is not just restricted to giving money to the needy but has a broader meaning which encompasses small acts of kindness that would make the community stronger and increase awareness of God and His bounties. An important teaching of this Hadith is that worship of God is not restricted to fulfilling the Pillars of, say, salat or fasting but everyday acts of kindness also come under worship when they are performed with the intention of pleasing God. (iii) This Hadith broadens the scope of martyrdom and gives the believers the important teaching that God considers all those Muslims who live righteous lives trying to seek His pleasure and die whilst so doing are given the status of a martyr. Candidates can develop their answer by discussing the various ways in which martyrdom can be achieved. The core teaching that needs to be brought out in the answer is that God loves His creation and rewards all those who are obedient to Him. (iv) Modesty is of both body and mind and helps create a morally pious and respectful society. By being modest, a believer will not promote their interest or position but will consider themselves as a part of a community and seek to create a peaceful and upright society. Modesty is what makes a person ashamed when they do something wrong. The Prophet (pbuh) made modesty a condition of faith and has said that one must consider others in the same way as one considers oneself. If properly understood and practiced modesty can only produce good as the Hadith says. 4 1(b) explain how Muslims can put these teachings into action. Use the AO2 Marking Grid (i) The teachings given in the Hadith can be acted upon by being obedient to God and fulfilling the Pillars of Islam with sincerity and abstaining from all the acts and things that God has prohibited Muslims from. Candidates could develop their answer with examples by saying that Muslims must be punctual and offer salat at the prescribed time of each salat, that they must fast in Ramadan and if they have the means must give zakat and perform Hajj. Abstaining from alcohol or foods which are prohibited in Islam can also be given as examples of putting into practice the teachings of the Hadith. Not taking interest on loans and following the principles of Islamic finance and not giving or taking bribes are other ways in which the teachings of the Hadith can be implemented. (ii) This Hadith can be acted upon by fulfilling one’s role in society responsibly. Some examples of how the teachings of the Hadith can be implemented upon are given in the Hadith itself. Candidates need to give other examples than the ones given in the Hadith to show how Muslims can put into practice the teaching given by the Prophet (pbuh) in this Hadith. For example, resolving a dispute between friends; giving honest advice when one’s opinion is asked for or helping to save the environment. (iii) The teachings given in this Hadith can be put into practice in many ways. By worshipping God a person may strive in God’s way with his person, by giving charity and zakat a Muslim can financially strive in God’s way. Other examples can be given to develop the answer. Candidates could write that helping in fund-raising to build mosques or hospitals and to contribute towards other welfare projects are ways that Muslims can live their lives in a way pleasing to God which will earn them the high status of a martyr. (iv) In the absence of modesty Islam cannot be practiced correctly. A Muslim’s speech, dress, manner and attitude towards life should be humble and simple. Modesty is a shield against immorality, lowering one’s gaze in the presence of the opposite sex is one way of putting into practice the teaching of this Hadith. Remaining humble and acknowledging God as the Master and Creator and giver of everything one possesses is another way of implementing the teaching of the Hadith. The focus of a believer’s every action must be to earn God’s pleasure and remember Him at all times. 4

1 Choose any two of the following Hadiths, and: (a) describe their teaching about what Muslims believe; [4] (b) explain how Muslims can put these teachings into action. [4] (i) The Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and give him peace) sent Abu Musa and Mu’adh ibn Jabal to Yaman, and he sent each of them to govern a part. Then he said: ‘Be gentle and do not be hard, and cause rejoicing and do not alienate.’ (ii) May God show mercy to a man who is kindly when he sells, when he buys, and when he demands his money back. (iii) ‘Religion is sincerity.’ We said: ‘To whom?’ The Prophet said: ‘To Allah, his Book, his Messenger, the leaders of the Muslims and to their common people.’ (iv) Whosoever of you sees an evil action, let him change it with his hand, and if he is not able to do so then with his tongue, and if he is not able to do so then with his heart, and that is the weakest of faith. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

1(a) describe their teaching about what Muslims believe; Use the AO1 Marking Grid (i) The teaching given in this Hadith is specifically focused on the responsibilities of Muslim rulers. It tells them to work for the welfare and prosperity of their people and that they should show kindness and justice towards the people they govern. This Hadith also carries the broader instruction given specifically to the two emissaries of the Prophet (pbuh) to impart religious instruction with gentleness so that people are more inclined towards Islam. The Prophet (pbuh) said, ‘The best rulers are those whom you love, and they love you.’ (ii) This Hadith clearly shows that God wants His creation to show humanity and kindness in all aspects of life including financial and business dealings. Honesty, fairness and kindness should be the guiding principles of every business transaction, this is the important teaching given in this Hadith. The mercy shown to fellow beings is rewarded by God Himself. In another Hadith the Prophet (pbuh) says, ‘You should be kind to those on earth and He who is in the Heavens will be kind to you’. (iii) The key word in this Hadith is nasihah which means sincerity/advice. The Prophet (pbuh) is telling Muslims to show sincerity to God, His Messenger, His Book, the leaders of the community and to the common man. The teaching in this Hadith emphasises that all actions that are done must be backed by sincere faith for them to be meaningful. For example, sincerity to God can be shown by keeping faith in Him at the most difficult of times and not by simply saying I believe in God. Muslims being sincere to the Prophet (pbuh) means acknowledging him as the last Prophet and making an effort to learn about his life and struggles and having respect for him. Sincerity to the Qur’an means believing that it is the sacred book of God. The righteous leaders should be obeyed and compassion must be shown to humanity at large. These acts will lead to the true practice of Islam and make our faith sincere. Other aspects of the Hadith could be explained to bring out the teaching of the Hadith in full. (iv) Islam does not encourage complacency but instead promotes action. The teaching given in this Hadith is that a Muslim must always remove, or at the very least try to remove, evil from society. The Hadith refers to the obligation of Muslims to tackle evil in order to remove it. Acting against removal of evil is recommended but if it causes tribulations then one should use one’s speech against it and if that is not possible condemn the evil in one’s heart. 4 1(b) explain how Muslims can put these teachings into action. Use the AO2 Marking Grid (i) Rulers and people in authority should bear in mind that ultimate authority lies with God and that positions of authority should be considered as a trust from God. Muslim governments and rulers should be fair in their actions, promote peace and justice in the land and base their authority on Islamic principles and tolerance of other faiths. A man once complained to the Prophet (pbuh) that Mu’adh ibn Jabal recited long Suras in prayer, which caused him hardship as he did manual work all day and by night was tired. The Prophet (pbuh) instructed Mu’adh to recite shorter Suras when leading prayers. (ii) This Hadith can be acted upon by conducting all trade and business dealings fairly and honestly. By showing leniency if a debtor needs extra time to repay a debt. By not selling substandard or defective products. It is said ‘Uthman gave more in weight and measures when selling commodities and paid more than the asking price when purchasing goods saying that God had given him more then he needed. Examples from present day can be given to support the answer. (iii) Muslims can show sincerity towards God by believing in His Oneness and by living according to His Sharia. Sincerity to the Prophet (pbuh) can be shown by following his Sunna, by living modestly as he did. To the Qur’an by reading it and understanding its content and acting upon its teachings. Likewise, they can go on to add how Muslims can act sincerely towards the leaders of the community and the common man. Practical examples will help develop the answer. (iv) Examples from the candidate’s life or present times can be given to show how the teaching of this Hadith can be implemented. Reporting corruption e.g. electricity theft or bribes being paid to attain jobs or cheating in an exam are a few examples that can be given. 4

1 Choose any two of the following Hadiths, and: (a) describe their teaching about what Muslims believe [4] (b) explain how Muslims can put these teachings into action. [4] (i) ‘I and the man who brings up an orphan will be in paradise like this.’ And he pointed with his two fingers, the index finger and the middle finger. (ii) God will not show mercy to him who does not show mercy to others. (iii) One who manages the affairs of the widow and the poor man is like the one who exerts himself in the way of Allah, or the one who stands for prayer in the night or fasts in the day. (iv) The world is the believer’s prison and the unbeliever’s paradise. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

1(a) describe their teaching about what Muslims believe; Use the AO1 Marking Grid (i) The teaching given in this Hadith to all Muslims is to care for the orphans, to show compassion for them and to protect them. Great reward has been promised for showing care to the orphans. Orphans are the responsibility of the entire Muslim community and that their care is the moral duty of all Muslims is the main teaching of this Hadith. (ii) Two of God’s most quoted attributes are Rahman and Raheem. The Qur’an also repeatedly tells Muslims about God’s mercy and forgiveness. The teaching of this Hadith bearing the above in mind is to develop the traits of mercy and kindness in their personalities and to show compassion to all living things. The rights of fellow beings are stressed upon by God Himself and to get His mercy believers must in turn be merciful to those around them. (iii) This Hadith explains the importance of the rights of people. The focus of this Hadith is to highlight that Islam promotes social justice and lays great stress on the welfare of the community at large. The Hadith is teaching Muslims to fulfil the needs of the vulnerable in society to the best of their abilities. Widows and the poor are specifically mentioned as they are deemed most vulnerable. Care for others has been compared to ibadah in this Hadith, rewards for which are comparable. (iv) In this Hadith, Prophet (pbuh) gives the teaching to all believers that in this world they must live their lives according to sharia. The world has been compared to a prison as a Muslim is not free in this world to do as he/she chooses but needs to abide by the restrictions set by God and follow His dos and don’ts. However, a disbeliever does not need to abide by the laws of God, so is free to do as he/she pleases, and this world may thus seem like a place of enjoyment and pleasure for them. On the other hand, a believer may struggle in this world, but his reward is in the hereafter just as a prisoner may not be free to do as he/she pleases in a prison but upon release can enjoy his/her freedom. 4 1(b) explain how Muslims can put these teachings into action. Use the AO2 Marking Grid (i) The teachings of the Hadith can be put into action in several ways. Firstly, a Muslim can provide food, clothing and shelter to the orphan child. If the orphan’s father died with a debt, it could be paid off by another Muslim. Marriages of orphan children can be arranged with their consent to suitable suitors and their wedding expenses can be paid for. Emotional support is another way that can help orphans. (ii) The Prophet (pbuh) showed mercy to his enemies as well. He prayed for the people of Taif when they stoned him and forgave the Makkans at the time of the conquest of Makka. Likewise, Muslims today can forgive those who wrong them. Personal examples of showing mercy to human beings and animals could be given here to expand on the answer. (iii) The way to act upon the teaching of this Hadith is to be conscious of the plight of others. God wants His creation to not just be engaged in fulfilling the Pillars but also wants believers to act with concern for others. Abu Bakr as caliph milked the goats of an old blind widow who lived at some distance from Madina to help her with her chores. Examples from the Prophets time, the Companions or present day can be given to support the answer. (iv) Living life with an awareness of what is permissible in Islam and what is forbidden is one way to act upon the teaching of this Hadith. The Prophet (pbuh) was offered great wealth and marriage to the most beautiful woman of the time as a bribe to dissuade him from preaching Islam, but he remained steadfast in his mission. Examples of lifestyle choices such as food and clothing and entertainment will help give substance to the answer. 4

1 Choose any two of the following Hadiths, and: (a) describe their teaching about what Muslims believe [4] (b) explain how Muslims can put these teachings into action. [4] (i) It was said: O Messenger of Allah, who is the most excellent of men? The Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and give him peace) said: ‘The believer who strives hard in the way of Allah with his person and his property.’ (ii) He who studies the Qur’an is like the owner of tethered camels. If he attends to them he will keep hold of them, but if he lets them loose they will go away. (iii) God does not look at your forms and your possessions, but he looks at your hearts and your deeds. (iv) The believers are like a single man; if his eye is affected he is affected, and if his head is affected he is all affected. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

1(a) describe their teaching about what Muslims believe; Use the AO1 Marking Grid (i) The teaching of this Hadith gives a distinguished place to a believer who struggles in the way of God. A believer can sacrifice for God in many ways, with his person, wealth and property. The purpose, however, should be to establish a just society that lives according to the rules of God. Candidates could expand on the ways in which a Muslim can strive in God’s way with his person and say how God compensates for what has been spent in His way. (ii) The teaching given in this Hadith focuses on the importance of reading the Qur’an and understanding its meaning. The Qur’an is a source of complete guidance and a believer is required to establish a strong link with it by reading, understanding and living according to its teachings. Candidates could refer to the analogy of tethered camels given in the Hadith and explain it. (iii) The only connection between God and His creation is through taqwa (God consciousness). Whosoever has more taqwa is closer and honourable in the eyes of God is the key message of this Hadith. Everything a person has, their appearance, wealth, family, honour is God given so He does not take them into account. What He does take into account is sincerity of intention and He rewards deeds based on what is in the heart. 4 1(a) (iv) This Hadiths teaching focuses on the concept of brotherhood in Islam. It teaches Muslims about how to live together in a community and how to behave with one another with care and concern. It stresses upon unity and fraternity amongst Muslims by stating that just as the brain is the command centre and vital to humans, brotherhood is essential to Muslims as Muslims are joined together in a fraternity by their common faith. 1(b) Explain how Muslims can put these teachings into action. Use the AO2 Marking Grid (i) A person may strive in God’s way in many different ways in his/her daily life. • A person may strive in God’s way by spending time in worship or by doing social work in the community; • By using one’s wealth and resources a believer can spread education and remove ignorance about Islam, build mosques; • Raise awareness of the peaceful teachings of Islam. (ii) The teachings given in this Hadith can be put into action by reading the Qur’an daily, by understanding the meaning of what is being read and implementing the Qur’an’s teaching in one’s life. It could also be acted upon by teaching the Qur’an to others. One’s faith would be weakened if he/she neglected. (iii) This Hadith can be implemented when a believer’s every action is based on seeking God’s pleasure. When charity is given the objective behind it should be to help another fellow being and to please God by the act as He wants His creation to care for and look after each other. Sincerity of actions is the right way to implement the teachings given in the Hadith. Examples will help develop the answer. (iv) The teaching given in the Hadith can be acted upon by being aware of the sufferings of fellow Muslims and by trying to alleviate that suffering. The best example of brotherhood is the one established by the Prophet (pbuh) between the Muhajireen and the Ansars. The Ansars were extremely generous and ready to share their possessions and families with their Muslim brothers. Muslims today can help other Muslims suffering in war torn countries by feeling their pain and helping them in whatever way possible. 4

Cambridge O Level Islamiyat · 2058

O-Level Islamiyat (2058) The history and importance of the Hadiths past paper questions

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